en Offshore Structure مقاله پژوهشي Research Paper <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:680px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="680"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:6px 0in 6px 0in; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Climate-change-driven sea-level rise reduces breakwater freeboard and can permit larger wave groups to reach the structure before depth-induced breaking occurs, thereby increasing run-up and overtopping. This study evaluates the hydraulic resilience of two conceptual concrete armor geometries: a symmetric unit (Type A1; 1:1 aspect ratio) and an elongated unit (Type A2; 1:2 aspect ratio). Six rubble-mound breakwater configurations (B1-B6), combining slopes of 1:1.5 and 1:2.0 with regular or irregular placement, were represented as fixed geometries in FLOW-3D. The numerical model used three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, an RNG k-&epsilon; closure, volume-of-fluid free-surface tracking, FAVOR geometry representation, and a porous-core formulation. Irregular incident waves were generated from a normalized JONSWAP spectrum with significant wave heights of 1.6 and 1.8 m, a peak period of 6.0 s, and still-water depths of 3.3, 3.8, and 4.3 m. Model performance was checked against published overtopping data. A local-maximum crest-exceedance analysis and empirical crest-exceedance response curves were used to quantify the hydraulic response across the modeled water levels; this hydraulic limit state does not represent physical armor displacement or breakage. Across the six configurations, the +1.0 m water-level scenario increased exceedance probability by 21-57 percentage points relative to baseline. When averaged across the two modeled significant wave heights, B3 (irregular A2, slope 1:1.5) increased from 35% to 92%, whereas B1 (regular A1, slope 1:1.5) increased from 15% to 38%. The response is consistent with greater flow-path tortuosity in the symmetric layer and preferential channeling in irregular elongated arrangements. Screening-level Hudson mass corrections indicate substantially larger adaptation demands for A2. Because the armor units were fixed and the probabilities were derived from finite numerical records at three water levels, the results should be interpreted as comparative hydraulic screening metrics rather than annual failure probabilities or structural service-life predictions.</span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Rubble-mound breakwater,Concrete armor unit,Sea-level rise,JONSWAP spectrum,Wave overtopping 99 116 http://ijmt.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-887-3&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Mohammad Taghipour mohammadtaghipour1378@gmail.com 10031947532846004645 10031947532846004645 No Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran Reza Dezvareh rdezvareh@nit.ac.ir 10031947532846004646 10031947532846004646 Yes Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran Nosrat A. Fallah fallah@nit.ac.ir 10031947532846004647 10031947532846004647 No Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran