FIV Energy Harvesting from Sharp Edge Square and Diamond Oscillators 2 2 The horizontal kinetic energy of the fluid flow, from on-land wind to ocean tidal stream, is one of the most promising sources of the energy. In the field of renewable energies, power extraction from Flow Induced Vibration (FIV) of bluff bodies is a fast growing research area which has seen a great advancement over the last decade. In this study, the FIV energy harvesting potential of a sharp edge square cylinder in two different flow incidences is investigated. The square cylinder, depending on its orientation with respect to the incident flow, demonstrates VIV or galloping types of responses. The results indicate that the square cylinder with a flat side perpendicular to the flow has a galloping type of response. In contrast, the same cylinder with a sharp vertex pointing the flow (diamond configuration) shows a VIV type of response. The hydroelastic efficiency of the resonating square cylinder is significantly higher than that with the galloping type of response. This shows the great advantages of diamond VIV excavators over square galloping harvesters. 1 8 2019/01/13 1397/10/23 2019/06/15 1398/3/25 Vahid Tamimi Vahid Tamimi School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran Iran vahid.tamimi@ut.ac.ir Mohammad Said Seif Mohammad Said Seif Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology Iran seif@sharif.edu Selda Shahvaghar-Asl Selda Shahvaghar-Asl Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology Iran shahveghar@yahoo.com Seyed Taghi Omid Naeeni Seyed Taghi Omid Naeeni School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran Iran stnaeeni@ut.ac.ir Mostafa Zeinoddini Mostafa Zeinoddini Department of Civil Engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology Iran zeinoddini@kntu.ac.ir FIV energy harvesting Hydroelastic efficiency VIV Galloping Square and diamond cylinders. Fontaine, E., Morel, J.P., Damy, G., Repecaud, M., Stassen, Y., Molin, B., De Langre, E., (2003), VIV on risers with top-tensioning buoyancy-cans. Part 1: Numerical modelling and simplified analysis, Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, May 25-30.##Blevins, R., (2004), Model for Forces on and Stability of a Cylinder in a Wake, Proc Flow Induced Vibr Conf., E de Langre, ed, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris.##Williamson, C.H.K., Govardhan, R.N., (2004), Vortex-induced vibrations. Annual Review, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 36:413-455.##Bearman, P.W., (1984), Vortex shedding from oscillating bluff bodies. Annual Review, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 16:195-222.##Parkinson, G.V., (1989), Phenomena and modelling of flow-induced vibrations of bluff bodies, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 26:169-224.##Sarpkaya, T., (2004), A critical review of the intrinsic nature of vortex-induced vibrations, Journal of Fluids and Structures, 19:389-447.##Gabbai, R.D. and Benaroya, H., (2005), An overview of modelling and experiments of vortex-induced vibration of circular cylinders, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 616:282-575.##Blevins, R.D., (1990), Flow-Induced Vibration, 2nd edn, Van Nostrand Reinhold.##Naudascher, E. and Rockwell, D., (2005), Flow-induced vibrations: an engineering guide, Dover.##Païdoussis, M.P., Price, S. and De Langre, E., (2010), Fluid-Structure Interactions: Cross-Flow-Induced Instabilities, Cambridge University Press.##Nemes, A., Zhao, J., Lo Jacono, D., Sheridan, J., (2012), The interaction between flow-induced vibration mechanisms of a square cylinder with varying angles of attack, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 102-130.##Barrero-Gil, A. and Fernandez-Arroyo, P., (2013), Maximum vortex-induced vibrations of a square prism, Wind and Structures, 16(4):341-354.##Zhao, J., Leontini, J.S., Lo Jacono, D. and Sheridan, J., (2014), Fluid-structure interaction of a square cylinder at different angles of attack, Journal of Fluid Mechanics,747:688-721.##Xu-Xu, J., Barrero-Gil, A., Velazquez, A., (2016), Dual mass system for enhancing energy extraction from Vortex-Induced Vibrations of a circular cylinder, International Journal of Marine Energy,16:250-261.##Obasaju, E.D., Ermshaus, R. and Naudascher, E, (1990), Vortex-induced streamwise oscillations of a square-section cylinder in a uniform stream, J. Fluid Mech, 213:171-189.##Dutta, S., Panigrahi, P.K. and Muralidhar, K., (2008), Experimental investigation of flow past a square cylinder at an angle of incidence, Journal of Engineering Mechanics,134:788-803.##Bernitsas, M.M. and Raghavan, K., (2004), Converter of Current/Tide/Wave Energy, Provisional Patent Application, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Serial No. 60/628,252.##Bernitsas, M.M., Raghavan, K. and Ben-Simon, Y., (2008), Vivace (vortex induced vibrationaquatic clean energy): A new concept in generation of clean and renewableenergy from fluid flow, J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. Trans. ASME, 130 041101:1-15.##Chang, C.C., Kumar, R.A. and Bernitsas M.M., (2011), VIV and galloping of single circular cylinder with surface roughness at 3.0x104≤Re≤1.2x105, Ocean Eng., 38-16, 1713-1732.##Park, H., Bernitsas, M.M. and Kumar, R.A., (2013), Enhancement of flow-induced motion of rigid circular cylinder on springs by localized surface roughness at 3.0 x 104 < Re < 1.2x 105, Ocean Eng.,72:403-15.##Kim, E.S. and Bernitsas, M.M., (2016), Performance prediction of horizontal hydrokinetic energy converter using multiple-cylinder synergy in flow induced motion, Applied Energy, 170: 92-100.##Kim, E.S., Bernitsas, M.M. and Kumar R.A., (2013), Multicylinder Flow-Induced Motions: Enhancement by Passive Turbulence Control at 28,000<Re<120,000, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Vol. 135 /021802-1.##Nishi, Y., Ueno, Y., Nishio, M., Quadrante, L.A.R., Kokubun, K., (2014), Power extraction using flow-induced vibration of a circular cylinder placed near another fixed cylinder, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 333: 2863-2880.##Abdelkefi, A., Hajj, M.R. and Nayfeh, A.H., (2013), Piezoelectric energy harvesting from transverse galloping of bluff bodies, Smart Mater. 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A New Methodology to Analysis and Predict Shoreline Changes Due to Human Interventions (Case Study: Javad Al-Aemmeh port, Iran) 2 2 In recent years, determining the rate of shoreline change by its historical trend has been reported frequently. This study has focused on shorelines at the adjacency of Javad Al-Aemmeh port which has undergone successive constructions in its region. The decadal trend of studied shoreline change was determined by the historical trend method. A numerical method was also employed to reduce the probable deficiencies concerned to these constructions. Accordingly, for the first time, a framework was developed to compare the results of historical trend and numerical methods with a field-measured value both spatially and quantitatively and based on this comparison, the most suitable rate of change was assigned to each coastal landform. Finally, it was revealed that among the computed rates, the Linear Regression Rate (LRR) from historical trend method has given the best estimation for the shoreline change rate, but in those parts which the shoreline was directly under influence of human interventions the change rate derived from the numerical method has been more accurate. Besides, results showed that at those parts which the Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) and the Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) are identical, predicting the future position of shoreline by its past trend is more reliable. 9 23 2019/01/132019/03/8 1397/12/17 2019/06/152019/07/2 1398/4/11 Meysam Rezaee Meysam Rezaee Department of Maritime Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Iran Meysam.rezaee@aut.ac.ir Aliasghar Golshani Aliasghar Golshani Department of Civil Engineering, Tehran Azad University, Central Branch, Tehran, Iran. Iran ali.golshani@iauctb.ac.ir Hosein Mousavizadegan Hosein Mousavizadegan Department of Maritime Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Iran hmousavi@aut.ac.ir Historical trend Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) LITLINE End Point Rate (EPR) Linear Regression Rate (LRR) Bird, E.C.F., (1985), Coastline changes. 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In: The 10th International Conference on Coasts, Ports and Marine Structures, Ports and Maritime Organization, Tehran. Iran. (In Persian)##Saengsupavanich, C., (2013), Detached breakwaters: communities' preferences for sustainable coastal protection, Journal of environmental management, Vol.115, p.106-113.##Kristensen, S.E., et al., (2013), Hybrid morphological modelling of shoreline response to a detached breakwater, Coastal Engineering, Vol.71, p.13-27.##Noujas, V., Thomas, K. and Badarees, K., (2016), Shoreline management plan for a mudbank dominated coast, Ocean Engineering, Vol.112, p.47-65.##DeWitt, H. and Weiwen Feng, J., (2002), Semi-Automated construction of the Louisiana coastline digital land-water Boundary using landsat TM imagery, Louisiana's Oil Spill Research and Development Program, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803.##Alesheikh, A., Sadeghi Naeeni, F. and Talebzade, A., (2003), Improving classification accuracy using external knowledge. 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Regional studies in marine science, Vol.7, p.19-31.##Brown, M., (2014), Digitizing High-Resolution Coastlines in Google Earth. [cited 2014 August 4]; Available from: http://marinedataliteracy.org/margis/ge_shapes/ge_shapes.htm.##Manca, E., et al., (2013), Shoreline evolution related to coastal development of a managed beach in Alghero, Sardinia, Italy, Ocean & coastal management, Vol.85, p 65-76.##Morton, R.A., Miller, T.L. and Moore, L.J., (2004), National assessment of shoreline change: Part 1 Historical shoreline changes and associated coastal land loss along the US Gulf of Mexico, US Geological Survey.##DHI (Danish Hydraulic Institute), (2007), LITLINE: Coastline evolution; LITLINE user guide.##DHI (Danish Hydraulic Institute), (2012), LITPACK: An Integrated Modelling System for Littoral Processes And Coastline Kinetics; Short Introduction and Tutorial.## ##

Investigation of Velocity Influence on Cathodic Polarization of Aluminum Alloys in 3.5% NaCl by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 2 2 Aluminum–magnesium alloys are specially used in high speed boats, submarines, desalination systems, etc. In this re-search the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was utilized to study the flow accele-rated pitting corrosion behavior of this alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution. To do so, impedance spectra of the samples after 20h of exposure to the test solution at a rotation speeds were investigated. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) method was utilized to investigate the changes in the surface of the samples. Results indicated that under static and dynamic con-dition, the surface growth rate of the pits increases with time. Moreover, at -0.9 V upon altering the flow condition from static to dynamic, the surface growth rate of the pits and their surface fraction increases while the corrosion resistance of the passive layer is time dependent. 25 30 2019/01/132019/03/82019/03/6 1397/12/15 2019/06/152019/07/22019/07/30 1398/5/8 karim akbari vakilabadi karim akbari vakilabadi Marine Faculty of Imam Khomeini Maritime Academy , Nowshahr,Iran Iran akbari.karim@gmail.com Hosein Khanzadi Hosein Khanzadi Marine Faculty of Imam Khomeini Maritime Academy , Nowshahr-,Iran, Iran hk.patriot6@gmail.com Pitting Corrosion Aluminum Alloys EIS Mansfeld's Model Davis, J. A. (1999). Corrosion of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. ASM International, Materials Park, OH. ISBN: 978-0-87170-629-4##Davis, J. A., & Gehring, G. A. (1975). The Effect of Velocity on the seawater Corrosion Behaviour of High Performance Ship Materials. Materials Performance, 14, 32-39.##F. J. Martin, G. T. Cheek, W. E. O. and P. M. N. (2005). Impedance Studies of the Passive Film on Aluminum. Corrosion Science, 47, 3187-3201.##Gehring, G., & Peterson, M. (1981). Corrosion of 5456-H117 Aluminium in High Velocity Seawater. Corrosion Journal, 37, 232-242.##Gunderson, R., & Nisancioglu, K. (1990). Cathodic Protection of Aluminium in Seawater. Corrosion Journal, 46(4), 279-285.##Holtan, K. N. and H. (1979). Cathodic Polarization f Commercially Pure Aluminum. Corrosion Science, 19, 534-552.##Kim, S.-J., Jang, S.-K., Han, M.-S., Park, J.-C., Jeong, J.-Y., & Chong, S.-O. (2013). Mechanical and elec-trochemical characteristics in sea water of 5052-O aluminum alloy for ship. Transactions of Non-ferrous Metals Society of China, 23(3), 636-641.##Kim, S.-J., Kim, S.-K., & Park, J.-C. (2010). The corrosion and mechanical properties of Al alloy 5083-H116 in metal inert gas welding based on slow strain rate test. Surface and Coatings Technology, 205, S73-S78.##Mansfeld, F. (1990). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a new tool for investigating methods of corrosion protection. Electrochimica Acta, 35(10), 1533-1544.##Mansfeld, F., Lin, S., Kim, S., & Shih, H. (1987). Pitting andSurface Modification of SiC/Al. Corrosion Science, 27, 997-1001.##Mansfeld, F., Lin, S., Kim, S., & Shih, H. (1989). Corrosion Protection of Al Alloys and Al-Based Metal Matrix Composites by Chemical Passivation. Corrosion Journal, 45, 615-630.##Meng, C., Zhang, D., Cui, H., Zhuang, L., & Zhang, J. (2014). Mechanical properties, intergranular corrosion behavior and microstructure of Zn modified Al-Mg alloys. Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds, 617(0), 925-932.##Ornek, D., Jayaraman, A., Wood, T. K., San, Z., Hsu, C. H., & Mansfeld, F. (2001). Pitting Corrosion Control Using Regenerative Biofilms on Aluminium 2024 in Artifical Seawater. Corrosion Science, 43, 2121-2133.##Park, D.-H., Choi, S.-W., Kim, J.-H., & Lee, J.-M. (2015). Cryogenic mechanical behavior of 5000- and 6000-series aluminum alloys: Issues on application to offshore plants. Cryogenics, 68, 44-58.##Szklarska-Smialowska. (2012). Pitting Corrosion of Aluminum. Corrosion Science, 41, 1743-1764.## ##

Dynamic Analyses of Jacket Type Offshore Platforms against Progressive Collapse Considering Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction 2 2 This research aims to present a practical framework to study the structural response of a jacket type offshore platforms subjected to a sudden member removal considering the pile-soil-structure interaction. To this end, a series of nonlinear dynamic analyses are performed, and the progressive collapse resistance of the generic structure is determined. Consequently, the members prone to failure are detected. As a case study, the application of the proposed framework to control the capability of these type of structures for the prevention of progressive collapse occurrence are investigated. In the model structure, some legs and vertical braces in different locations are eliminated, and the effect of each damage case on the performance of the structure is investigated while the environmental wind and wave loads are imposed to the platform. The simulation results demonstrated that although the jacket structure can sustain the loss of primary members safely, it is susceptible to failure progression while a leg and the connected brace are eliminated simultaneously. The safety margin, in this case, is about 20% only. In addition, it was revealed that in the case in which a leg and the connected brace are eliminated, progressive collapse resistance is about a third in comparison with the case of a leg damaged only. 31 40 2019/01/132019/03/82019/03/62019/06/19 1398/3/29 2019/06/152019/07/22019/07/302019/09/17 1398/6/26 Hossein Gholami Hossein Gholami K. N. Toosi University of Technology Iran hosein.gholami@gmail.com Behrouz Asgarian Behrouz Asgarian K. N. Toosi University of Technology Iran asgarian@kntu.ac.ir Farshad Hashemi Rezvani Farshad Hashemi Rezvani K. N. Toosi University of Technology Iran f.hashemi@uq.edu.au Progressive Collapse Jacket Type offshore Platforms Non-linear Dynamic Analysis Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction ASCE, (2010), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE Standard 7-05).##Gsa, U., (2003), Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects, Washington, DC.##Marchand, K., J. Stevens, D., Crowder, B., and Campbell, T., (2005), UFC 4-023-03: Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse.##Søreide, T. H., Amdahl, J., Granli, T., and Astrud, O. C., (1986), Collapse Analysis of Framed Offshore Structures, Offshore Technology Conference, Offshore Technology Conference.##T.H.Soreide, J. Amdahl, C.A., (1986), Progressive Collapse Analysis of Offshore Deck Structures, The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norway.##Moan, T., and Amdahl, J., (1991), Collapse Behaviour of Offshore Structural Systems.##Søreide, T. H., Amdahl, J., Eberg, E., Holmås, T., and Hellan, Ø., (1993), USFOS-A Computer Program for Progressive Collapse Analysis of Steel Offshore Structures, Theory Manual, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norw.##Sigurdsson, G., Skjong, R., Skallerud, B., and Amdahl, J., (1994), Probabilistic Collapse Analysis of Jackets, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY (United States).##Amdahl, J., and Johansen, A., (2001), High-Energy Ship Collision with Jacket Legs, The Eleventh International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.##Kim, J., and Kim, T., (2009), Assessment of Progressive Collapse-Resisting Capacity of Steel Moment Frames, J. Constr. Steel Res., 65(1), pp. 169-179.##Fu, F., (2009), Progressive Collapse Analysis of High-Rise Building with 3-D Finite Element Modeling Method, J. Constr. Steel Res., 65(6), pp. 1269-1278.##Powell, G., (2005), Progressive Collapse: Case Study Using Nonlinear Analysis, Structures Congress.##Ruth, P., Marchand, K. A., and Williamson, E. B., (2006), Static Equivalency in Progressive Collapse Alternate Path Analysis: Reducing Conservatism While Retaining Structural Integrity, J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 20(4), pp. 349-364.##Khandelwal, K., El-Tawil, S., and Sadek, F., (2009), Progressive Collapse Analysis of Seismically Designed Steel Braced Frames, J. Constr. Steel Res., 65(3), pp. 699-708.##Starossek, U., (2007), Typology of Progressive Collapse, Eng. Struct., 29(9), pp. 2302-2307.##Kim, H.-S., Kim, J., and An, D.-W., (2009), Development of Integrated System for Progressive Collapse Analysis of Building Structures Considering Dynamic Effects, Adv. Eng. Softw., 40(1), pp. 1-8.##Kim, T., and Kim, J., (2009), Collapse Analysis of Steel Moment Frames with Various Seismic Connections, J. Constr. Steel Res., 65(6), pp. 1316-1322.##Kim, J., Lee, Y., and Choi, H., (2011), Progressive Collapse Resisting Capacity of Braced Frames, Struct. Des. tall Spec. Build., 20(2), pp. 257-270.##Tsai, M.-H., and Lin, B.-H., (2008), Investigation of Progressive Collapse Resistance and Inelastic Response for an Earthquake-Resistant RC Building Subjected to Column Failure, Eng. Struct., 30(12), pp. 3619-3628.##Kim, J., and An, D., (2009), Evaluation of Progressive Collapse Potential of Steel Moment Frames Considering Catenary Action, Struct. Des. tall Spec. Build., 18(4), pp. 455-465.##Grierson, D. E., Safi, M., Xu, L., and Liu, Y., (2005), Simplified Methods for Progressive-Collapse Analysis of Buildings, Metropolis and Beyond Structural Engineering Institute.##Naji, A., and Irani, F., (2012), Progressive Collapse Analysis of Steel Frames: Simplified Procedure and Explicit Expression for Dynamic Increase Factor, Int. J. Steel Struct., 12(4), pp. 537-549.##Asgarian, B., and Rezvani, F. H., (2012), Progressive Collapse Analysis of Concentrically Braced Frames through EPCA Algorithm, J. Constr. Steel Res., 70, pp. 127-136.##Jiang, J., Li, G.-Q., and Usmani, A., (2015), Effect of Bracing Systems on Fire-Induced Progressive Collapse of Steel Structures Using OpenSees, Fire Technol., 51(5), pp. 1249-1273.##Jiang, B., Li, G.-Q., and Usmani, A., (2015), Progressive Collapse Mechanisms Investigation of Planar Steel Moment Frames under Localized Fire, J. Constr. Steel Res., 115, pp. 160-168.##Fu, Q., Yang, B., Hu, Y., Xiong, G., Nie, S., Zhang, W., and Dai, G., (2016), Dynamic Analyses of Bolted-Angle Steel Joints against Progressive Collapse Based on Component-Based Model, J. Constr. Steel Res., 117, pp. 161-174.##Chen, C. H., Zhu, Y. F., Yao, Y., Huang, Y., and Long, X., (2016), An Evaluation Method to Predict Progressive Collapse Resistance of Steel Frame Structures, J. Constr. Steel Res., 122, pp. 238-250.##Gerasimidis, S., and Sideri, J., (2016), A New Partial-Distributed Damage Method for Progressive Collapse Analysis of Steel Frames, J. Constr. Steel Res., 119, pp. 233-245.##Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, M. H., and Fenves, G. L., (2006), The Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OpenSEES) User Command-Language Manual.##Sherman, D. R., (1980), Post Local Buckling Behavior of Tubular Strut Type Beam-Columns: An Experimental Study, Report to Shell Oil Company, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.##API, R. P., (2000), 2A-WSD, Recomm. Pract. planning, Des. Constr. fixed offshore platforms-working Stress Des., 21.##Chakrabarti, S. K., (1987), Hydrodynamics of Offshore Structures, WIT press.##SACS (Structural Analysis Computer Software).##Reese, L. C., Cox, W. R., and Koop, F. D., (1975), Field Testing and Analysis of Laterally Loaded Piles Om Stiff Clay, Offshore Technology Conference, Offshore Technology Conference.##Reese, L. C., Van Impe, W. F., and Holtz, R. D., (2002), Single Piles and Pile Groups under Lateral Loading, Appl. Mech. Rev., 55, p. B9.##Matlock, H., (1970), Correlations for Design of Laterally Loaded Piles in Soft Clay, Offshore Technol. Civ. Eng. hall fame Pap. from early years, pp. 77-94.##Reese, L. C., and Welch, R. C., (1975), Lateral Loading of Deep Foundations in Stiff Clay, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng., 101(ASCE# 11456 Proceeding).##Murchison, J. M., and O'Neill, M. W., (1984), Evaluation of Py Relationships in Cohesionless Soils, Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations, ASCE, pp. 174-191.##Davisson, M. T., and Robinson, K. E., (1965), Bending and Buckling of Partially Embedded Piles, Soil Mech & Fdn Eng Conf Proc, Canada.##Vamvatsikos, D., and Cornell, C. A., (2002), Incremental Dynamic Analysis, Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31(3), pp. 491-514.##ASCE, (2010), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE Standard 7-05).##Gsa, U., (2003), Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects, Washington, DC.##Marchand, K., J. Stevens, D., Crowder, B., and Campbell, T., (2005), UFC 4-023-03: Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse.##Søreide, T. H., Amdahl, J., Granli, T., and Astrud, O. C., (1986), Collapse Analysis of Framed Offshore Structures, Offshore Technology Conference, Offshore Technology Conference.##T.H.Soreide, J. Amdahl, C.A., (1986), Progressive Collapse Analysis of Offshore Deck Structures, The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norway.##Moan, T., and Amdahl, J., (1991), Collapse Behaviour of Offshore Structural Systems.##Søreide, T. H., Amdahl, J., Eberg, E., Holmås, T., and Hellan, Ø., (1993), USFOS-A Computer Program for Progressive Collapse Analysis of Steel Offshore Structures, Theory Manual, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norw.##Sigurdsson, G., Skjong, R., Skallerud, B., and Amdahl, J., (1994), Probabilistic Collapse Analysis of Jackets, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY (United States).##Amdahl, J., and Johansen, A., (2001), High-Energy Ship Collision with Jacket Legs, The Eleventh International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.##Kim, J., and Kim, T., (2009), Assessment of Progressive Collapse-Resisting Capacity of Steel Moment Frames, J. Constr. Steel Res., 65(1), pp. 169-179.##Fu, F., (2009), Progressive Collapse Analysis of High-Rise Building with 3-D Finite Element Modeling Method, J. Constr. Steel Res., 65(6), pp. 1269-1278.##Powell, G., (2005), Progressive Collapse: Case Study Using Nonlinear Analysis, Structures Congress.##Ruth, P., Marchand, K. A., and Williamson, E. B., (2006), Static Equivalency in Progressive Collapse Alternate Path Analysis: Reducing Conservatism While Retaining Structural Integrity, J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 20(4), pp. 349-364.##Khandelwal, K., El-Tawil, S., and Sadek, F., (2009), Progressive Collapse Analysis of Seismically Designed Steel Braced Frames, J. Constr. Steel Res., 65(3), pp. 699-708.##Starossek, U., (2007), Typology of Progressive Collapse, Eng. Struct., 29(9), pp. 2302-2307.##Kim, H.-S., Kim, J., and An, D.-W., (2009), Development of Integrated System for Progressive Collapse Analysis of Building Structures Considering Dynamic Effects, Adv. Eng. Softw., 40(1), pp. 1-8.##Kim, T., and Kim, J., (2009), Collapse Analysis of Steel Moment Frames with Various Seismic Connections, J. Constr. Steel Res., 65(6), pp. 1316-1322.##Kim, J., Lee, Y., and Choi, H., (2011), Progressive Collapse Resisting Capacity of Braced Frames, Struct. Des. tall Spec. Build., 20(2), pp. 257-270.##Tsai, M.-H., and Lin, B.-H., (2008), Investigation of Progressive Collapse Resistance and Inelastic Response for an Earthquake-Resistant RC Building Subjected to Column Failure, Eng. Struct., 30(12), pp. 3619-3628.##Kim, J., and An, D., (2009), Evaluation of Progressive Collapse Potential of Steel Moment Frames Considering Catenary Action, Struct. Des. tall Spec. Build., 18(4), pp. 455-465.##Grierson, D. E., Safi, M., Xu, L., and Liu, Y., (2005), Simplified Methods for Progressive-Collapse Analysis of Buildings, Metropolis and Beyond Structural Engineering Institute.##Naji, A., and Irani, F., (2012), Progressive Collapse Analysis of Steel Frames: Simplified Procedure and Explicit Expression for Dynamic Increase Factor, Int. J. Steel Struct., 12(4), pp. 537-549.##Asgarian, B., and Rezvani, F. H., (2012), Progressive Collapse Analysis of Concentrically Braced Frames through EPCA Algorithm, J. Constr. Steel Res., 70, pp. 127-136.##Jiang, J., Li, G.-Q., and Usmani, A., (2015), Effect of Bracing Systems on Fire-Induced Progressive Collapse of Steel Structures Using OpenSees, Fire Technol., 51(5), pp. 1249-1273.##Jiang, B., Li, G.-Q., and Usmani, A., (2015), Progressive Collapse Mechanisms Investigation of Planar Steel Moment Frames under Localized Fire, J. Constr. Steel Res., 115, pp. 160-168.##Fu, Q., Yang, B., Hu, Y., Xiong, G., Nie, S., Zhang, W., and Dai, G., (2016), Dynamic Analyses of Bolted-Angle Steel Joints against Progressive Collapse Based on Component-Based Model, J. Constr. Steel Res., 117, pp. 161-174.##Chen, C. H., Zhu, Y. F., Yao, Y., Huang, Y., and Long, X., (2016), An Evaluation Method to Predict Progressive Collapse Resistance of Steel Frame Structures, J. Constr. Steel Res., 122, pp. 238-250.##Gerasimidis, S., and Sideri, J., (2016), A New Partial-Distributed Damage Method for Progressive Collapse Analysis of Steel Frames, J. Constr. Steel Res., 119, pp. 233-245.##Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, M. H., and Fenves, G. L., (2006), The Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OpenSEES) User Command-Language Manual.##Sherman, D. R., (1980), Post Local Buckling Behavior of Tubular Strut Type Beam-Columns: An Experimental Study, Report to Shell Oil Company, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.##API, R. P., (2000), 2A-WSD, Recomm. Pract. planning, Des. Constr. fixed offshore platforms-working Stress Des., 21.##Chakrabarti, S. K., (1987), Hydrodynamics of Offshore Structures, WIT press.##SACS (Structural Analysis Computer Software).##Reese, L. C., Cox, W. R., and Koop, F. D., (1975), Field Testing and Analysis of Laterally Loaded Piles Om Stiff Clay, Offshore Technology Conference, Offshore Technology Conference.##Reese, L. C., Van Impe, W. F., and Holtz, R. D., (2002), Single Piles and Pile Groups under Lateral Loading, Appl. Mech. Rev., 55, p. B9.##Matlock, H., (1970), Correlations for Design of Laterally Loaded Piles in Soft Clay, Offshore Technol. Civ. Eng. hall fame Pap. from early years, pp. 77-94.##Reese, L. C., and Welch, R. C., (1975), Lateral Loading of Deep Foundations in Stiff Clay, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng., 101(ASCE# 11456 Proceeding).##Murchison, J. M., and O'Neill, M. W., (1984), Evaluation of Py Relationships in Cohesionless Soils, Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations, ASCE, pp. 174-191.##Davisson, M. T., and Robinson, K. E., (1965), Bending and Buckling of Partially Embedded Piles, Soil Mech & Fdn Eng Conf Proc, Canada.##Vamvatsikos, D., and Cornell, C. A., (2002), Incremental Dynamic Analysis, Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31(3), pp. 491-514.## ##

Assessment of Offshore Pipeline Reliability against Lateral Buckling 2 2 Subsea pipelines are used to transport gas and oil around the world. Oil is transported through subsea pipelines at high pressure and high temperature to smooth the way for its flow and to prevent its solidification. The present paper assesses a pipeline located in South Pars Gas Field against lateral buckling. As more and more pipelines operate at higher temperatures (over 100°C), the likelihood of lateral buckling becomes more relevant. The uncertainty in the lateral buckling parameters of the pipeline is a source of error in determining effective axial compressive force. Uncontrolled lateral buckling can cause excessive plastic deformation of the pipeline, which can lead to localized buckling collapse or cyclic fatigue failure during operation due to multiple heat-up and cool-down cycles, if it is not properly managed. This research reports the results of a reliability analysis to study and quantify the variations of the reliability index (β) with the main parameters involved during the lateral buckling of the subsea pipelines. Uncertainty is considered in the geometric parameters of the pipeline. The probability of failure (Pf) and the reliability index (β) can be determined by the reliability methods. The First-Order Reliability Method (FORM), the Second-Order Reliability Method (SORM) and the sampling method are the three main methods used here to determine Pf and β. The results show that the pipelines, in the case of lateral buckling and corrosion, will be in safe condition for up to 30 years after construction. 41 48 2019/01/132019/03/82019/03/62019/06/192019/01/28 1397/11/8 2019/06/152019/07/22019/07/302019/09/172019/09/21 1398/6/30 Mohammad Hossein Sharifi Mohammad Hossein Sharifi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology Iran Sharifi@put.ac.ir Abdolrahim Taheri Abdolrahim Taheri Department of Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology Iran Rahim.taheri@put.ac.ir Mohammad Bagher Faraji Pool Mohammad Bagher Faraji Pool Petroleum University of Technology Iran M.farajipool@mnc.put.ac.ir Subsea Pipeline Lateral Buckling Corrosion Reliability Probability of failure Rezazadeh, K., Zhu, L., Bai, Y., and Zhang, L., (2010), Fatigue Analysis of Multi-Spanning Subsea Pipeline, 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Vol.5, Parts A and B, p.805-812.##Karampour, H. and Albermani, F., (2014), Experimental and numerical investigations of buckle interaction in subsea pipelines, Eng.Struct.66, p.81-88.##Mustaffa, Z., (2011), System Reliability Assessment of Offshore Pipelines, Ph.D. thesis, University of Delft.##Bai, Q. and Bai, Y.,(2014),10 -Lateral Buckling and Pipeline Walking, in Subsea Pipeline Design, Analysis, and Installation, Q. Bai and Y. Bai, Eds. Boston: Gulf Professional Publishing, p. 221-253.##Karampour, H., Albermani, F. and Gross, J., (2013), On lateral and upheaval buckling of subsea pipelines, Eng.Struct.52, p.317-330.##Elsayed T, Leheta H and Yehya A (2012), "Reliability of subsea pipelines against lateral instability", Ships and Offshore Structures 7(2):229-236.##Det Norske Veritas, (2013), Global Buckling of Submarine Pipelines, Structural Design due to High Temperature/High Pressure, DNV-RP-F110.##Carr, M., Sinclair, F., Bruton, D., (2006), Pipeline walking-Understanding the ﬁeld layout challenges, and analytical solutions developed for the SAFEBUCK JIP. Houston: OTC 17945, Offshore Technology Conference.##Hobbs R.E. and Liang F., (1989), Thermal buckling of pipelines close to restraints, The Hague, The Netherlands: Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering.##Det Norske Veritas, (2013), Submarine Pipeline Systems, DNV-OS-F101.##Rajeev, P., Robert, D.J., Thusyanthan, I. and Kodikara, J., (2013), Reliability analysis of upheaval bucking of offshore pipelines, Australian Geomechanics Journal, Vol.48, p.137-148.##Taheri, A., Shabani, M.M. and Daghigh, M., (2018), Investigation of the Effect of Local Buckling and VIV Fatigue on Failure Probability of Subsea Pipelines in Iranian South Pars Gas Field, IJMT, Vol.9, p.23-32.##Sopyan, Y., "An Overview to Lateral Buckling and its Mitigation", 2016. [Online]. Available: https://pipelinemaster.wordpress.com/category/ pipeline-design/global-buckling. [Accessed: 2018].##Hobbs R.E., (1984), In-service buckling of heated pipelines, Transportation Engineering, Vol.110 (2), p.89-175.##Al-Sharif, A.M. and Preston, R., (1996), Structural Reliability Assessment of the Oman India Pipeline, OTC 8210, p.569-578.##Rathbone A., Abdel-Hakim M., Cumming G., Tørnes K., (2008), Reliability of lateral buckling formation from planned and unplanned buckle sites, Estoril, Portugal, OMAE2008- 57300, 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering.##Brown G., Brunner M., Qi X., (2006), Lateral buckling reliability calculation methodology accounting for buckle interaction. Houston: OTC 17795, Offshore Technology Conference.##Carr M., Matheson I.C., Peek R., Saunders P., George N., (2004), Load and resistance modeling of the Penguins ﬂowline under lateral buckling, 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. Canada: Vancouver; OMAE 2004-51192. Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering.##Shabani, M.M., (2017), Reliability Assessment of Existing Subsea Pipelines in the Persian Gulf, Master's thesis, Petroleum University of Technology.##Vanayi, H., Eslami, A., (2015), A Review of Inspection and Corrosion Rate Determination Methods, in Oil and Gas pipelines, 6th Iranian Pipe and Pipeline Conference, Iran, Tehran, Beheshti International Conference Center.##Van den Abeele, F., Boël, F. and VandenBerghe, J.F., (2014), Structural Reliability of Free Spanning Pipelines, Vol.3: Materials and Joining; Risk and Reliability##BOMEL Limited, (2001), Probabilistic Methods: Uses and Abuses in Structural Integrity, in Probabilistic methods: Uses and abuses in structural integrity, no. 398/2001.##Kroese, D.P. and Rubinstein, R.Y., (2017) Simulation and the Monte Carlo method, Third ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey## ##

Small Scale Physical Measurement of Wave Overtopping For Different Shore Protection Structures 2 2 Using artificial constructions is one of the most important ways to protect shores against wave actions and the consequent erosion. Due to costly nature of large scale marine projects, it is considered an efficient approach to study small scale model of the structure for simulation of sea conditions, measurement of hydraulic parameters and wave-structure interactions. In present research, construction of a small wave flume has been reported. Water up to 15 cm deep is filled in the flume and a DC motor directly rotates a flap in oscillations as a result of which regular waves of less than 10 cm height are produced. Wave lengths are around one meter, and wave periods are about one second. High quality fast images were analyzed in order to characterize the waves. Test runs were performed with different combinations of the wave parameters and the water depth, on five different revetments including: vertical seawall, simple slope, stepped slope, curved and recurved. Wave discharge with the aid of a small reserve tank at the far end of flume was measured. Results show that the recurved structure for most of the test cases reduce the wave overtopping to zero. The stepped slope has an efficient performance in dissipating the wave energy and reducing the wave run-up and overtopping. Simple slope recorded maximum discharge. Curved structure creates a water column of high speed vertical jet, and lastly the vertical seawall undergoes severe wave impact. Quantitative test results have been compared with well-known Owen’s formula for wave overtopping. 49 56 2019/01/132019/03/82019/03/62019/06/192019/01/282019/06/4 1398/3/14 2019/06/152019/07/22019/07/302019/09/172019/09/212019/09/5 1398/6/14 Farhood Azarsina Farhood Azarsina Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran farhoodazi@gmail.com Aria Pirzadeh Aria Pirzadeh Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran Ghasem Darvish Ghasem Darvish Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran Shore protecting structure Seawall Wave-structure interaction Small wave flume Wave overtopping Wave run-up Dean, R. G. and Dalrymple, R. A., (1991), Water wave mechanics for engineers and scientists, World Scientific Publishing.##CEM, (2002), Coastal Eng. Manual, USACE, EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI).##McCormick, M. E., (2010), Ocean engineering mechanics, New York : Cambridge University Press.##Schuttrumpf, H. and van Gent, M.R.A. (2003), Wave Overtopping at Seadikes, Coastal Structures Conference, Portland, Oregon, United States.##Owen, M. W., (1980), Design of Seawalls Allowing for Wave Overtopping, Wallingford, UK Hydraulics Research Station, Report No. 924.##Owen, M. W., (1982), The Hydraulic Design of Seawall Profiles, Proceedings of the Coastal Protection Conference, Institution of Civil Engineers, Thomas Telford Publishing, London, UK.##Allsop, N.W.H., et al., (2008), Improvements in wave overtopping analysis: the EurOtop overtopping manual and calculation tool, COPEDEC VII. pp. 1-14, Dubai.##Van de Walle, B., (2003), Wave run-up on rubble mound breakwaters, PhD thesis, Ghent University, 2003.##Mariani, A., et al., (2009), Wave Overtopping of Coastal Structures. Physical Model versus Desktop Predictions, Journal of Coastal Research, pp. 534-538.##JBA trust. JBA Trust Wave Tank. [Online] 2018. www.jbatrust.org.##USACE, (1984), Shore Protection Manual Voume II, Vicksburg, Mississippi : Coastal Engineering Research Center.##GNU Affero. Automeris. [Online] 2019. https://apps.automeris.io/wpd/.## ##