Investigation the effect of Land Characteristics on Hurricane Freshwater Flood Vulnerability 2 2 This study analyses two comparison examples (hurricanes Frances versus Jeanne and hurricanes Rita versus Irene) to account for the catchment characteristics and social factors for the area impacted by the track of a tropical cyclone. This will result in a way of categorizing tropical cyclone, which can be combined with the previous meteorological indexes to better assess the potential impact of each tropical cyclone from a hazard mitigation and the disaster response perspective. Given that the highest correlation between fatalities and damage occurs for the rainfall index TCRI, vulnerability to rainfall was selected as the focus of the research. The results show that the impacted areas and the population who lives in the impacted areas are two important indicators of flood vulnerability. The new index (TRI) yields a lower RMSE in rank position, at 3.5 and 2.2, compared with the SSHE at 5.8 and 5.7 for selected hurricane damage and death toll, respectively. 1 9 2019/11/3 1398/8/12 2020/01/27 1398/11/7 Mehdi Rezapour Mehdi Rezapour Chabahar Maritime University Iran rezapour@cmu.ac.ir Tom Baldock Tom Baldock School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia. Australia t.baldock@uq.edu.au Tropical Cyclone Hurricane Hazard Risk Index Land Characteristics Social factors 1- Escudero Castillo, M., et al., (2012), Characterization of Risks in Coastal Zones: A Review. Clean - Soil, Air, Water. 40(9): p. 894-905.##Tran, P. and R. Shaw, (2017), Towards an integrated approach of disaster and environment management: A case study of Thua Thien Hue province, central Viet Nam. Environmental Hazards. 7(4): p. 271-282.##van der Weide, J., (1993), A systems view of integrated coastal management. Ocean and Coastal Managemen. 21(1-3): p. 129-148.##Peduzzi, P., et al., (2012), Global trends in tropical cyclone risk. Nature Climate Change. 2(4): p. 289-294.##Dao, H. and P. Peduzzi, (2004), Global evaluation of human risk and vulnerability to natural hazards., in Enviro-info. Geneve. p. 435-446.##Davidson, R. and K. Lambert, (2001), Comparing the Hurricane Disaster Risk of U.S. Coastal Counties. Natural Hazards Review. 2(3): p. 132-142.##Alwang, J., P.B. Siegel, and S.L. Jorgensen, (2001), Vulnerability: a view from different disciplines, Social protection discussion paper series.##Peduzzi, P., et al., (2009), Assessing global exposure and vulnerability towards natural hazards; the Disaster Risk Index. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS). 9(4): p. 1149-1159.##Bo, X., et al., (2011), Application of the SCS-CN model to runoff estimation in a small watershed with high spatial heterogeneity. Pedosphere. 21(6): p. 738-749.##Greene, R. and J. Cruise, (1995), Urban watershed modeling using geographic information system. Journal of water resources planning and management. 121(4): p. 318-325.##Mishra, S., et al., (2006), SCS-CN-based modeling of sediment yield. Journal of Hydrology. 324(1): p. 301-322.##Tsihrintzis, V.A. and R. Hamid, (1997), Urban Stormwater Quantity/Quality Modeling Using The Scs Method And Empirical Equations1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 33(1): p. 163-176.##Agriculture, U.S.D.o., (1986), Urban Hydrology for Small Watershed. Technical Release (TR-55)(Second Edition). p. Conservation Engineering: Natural Resource Conservation service.##Homer, C.G., et al., (2015), Completion of the 2011 National Land Cover Database for the conterminous United States-Representing a decade of land cover change information. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. v. 81, no. 5: p. p. 345-354.##Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT, Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3): Centroids. 2005, NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC): Palisades, NY.##Jarvis, A., H.I. Reuter, A. Nelson, E. Guevara, (2008), Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4, available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database.##Czajkowski, J., K. Simmons, and D. Sutter, (2011), An analysis of coastal and inland fatalities in landfalling US hurricanes. Natural Hazards. 59(3): p. 1513-1531.##Rezapour, M. and T.E. Baldock, (2014), Classification of Hurricane Hazards: The Importance of Rainfall. Weather and Forecasting. 29(6): p. 1319-1331.##1- Escudero Castillo, M., et al., (2012), Characterization of Risks in Coastal Zones: A Review. Clean - Soil, Air, Water. 40(9): p. 894-905.##Tran, P. and R. Shaw, (2017), Towards an integrated approach of disaster and environment management: A case study of Thua Thien Hue province, central Viet Nam. Environmental Hazards. 7(4): p. 271-282.##van der Weide, J., (1993), A systems view of integrated coastal management. Ocean and Coastal Managemen. 21(1-3): p. 129-148.##Peduzzi, P., et al., (2012), Global trends in tropical cyclone risk. Nature Climate Change. 2(4): p. 289-294.##Dao, H. and P. Peduzzi, (2004), Global evaluation of human risk and vulnerability to natural hazards., in Enviro-info. Geneve. p. 435-446.##Davidson, R. and K. Lambert, (2001), Comparing the Hurricane Disaster Risk of U.S. Coastal Counties. Natural Hazards Review. 2(3): p. 132-142.##Alwang, J., P.B. Siegel, and S.L. Jorgensen, (2001), Vulnerability: a view from different disciplines, Social protection discussion paper series.##Peduzzi, P., et al., (2009), Assessing global exposure and vulnerability towards natural hazards; the Disaster Risk Index. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS). 9(4): p. 1149-1159.##Bo, X., et al., (2011), Application of the SCS-CN model to runoff estimation in a small watershed with high spatial heterogeneity. Pedosphere. 21(6): p. 738-749.##Greene, R. and J. Cruise, (1995), Urban watershed modeling using geographic information system. Journal of water resources planning and management. 121(4): p. 318-325.##Mishra, S., et al., (2006), SCS-CN-based modeling of sediment yield. Journal of Hydrology. 324(1): p. 301-322.##Tsihrintzis, V.A. and R. Hamid, (1997), Urban Stormwater Quantity/Quality Modeling Using The Scs Method And Empirical Equations1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 33(1): p. 163-176.##Agriculture, U.S.D.o., (1986), Urban Hydrology for Small Watershed. Technical Release (TR-55)(Second Edition). p. Conservation Engineering: Natural Resource Conservation service.##Homer, C.G., et al., (2015), Completion of the 2011 National Land Cover Database for the conterminous United States-Representing a decade of land cover change information. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. v. 81, no. 5: p. p. 345-354.##Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT, Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3): Centroids. 2005, NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC): Palisades, NY.##Jarvis, A., H.I. Reuter, A. Nelson, E. Guevara, (2008), Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4, available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database.##Czajkowski, J., K. Simmons, and D. Sutter, (2011), An analysis of coastal and inland fatalities in landfalling US hurricanes. Natural Hazards. 59(3): p. 1513-1531.##Rezapour, M. and T.E. Baldock, (2014), Classification of Hurricane Hazards: The Importance of Rainfall. Weather and Forecasting. 29(6): p. 1319-1331.## ##

Inclination angle effect on ventilation pattern and trailing wake formation of the partially submerged propeller 2 2 Partially submerged propellers function in two-phase condition, i.e. each propeller blade enters water once in each revolution so the thrust and torque of each blade hit maximum level and then become around zero. Surface-piercing propeller investigated in this work is a new geometry that the main purpose of its design has been to achieve higher hydrodynamic performance; minimizing energy loss by reducing of the volume fraction of the water adhered to the exiting blade from the water surface. In this article, Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes computations based on finite volume method (FVM) was applied to investigate force excitation, ventilation pattern and wake formation of the partially submerged propeller under inclination angle. Two-phase flow field equations were solved using homogenous Eulerian multiphase model by sliding method. To solve two-phase flow field at the free surface accurately and deal with free surface effects in calculations, CFX free surface model based on volume of fluid (VOF) approach was used. The accuracy of the numerical method was verified using series of simulations on SPP-841B propeller with existing experimental measurements. Comparison between simulated and measured SPP-841B open characteristics as well as ventilation pattern of the key blade indicated a reasonable agreement with experimental data and observations. Based on obtained data, with an increase in shaft inclination angle, propeller thrust and torque coefficients increased, whereas the propeller efficiency was decreased. 11 19 2019/11/32019/10/5 1398/7/13 2020/01/272020/02/9 1398/11/20 Ehsan Yari Ehsan Yari Maleke Ashtar University of Technology Iran ehsanyari11@gmail.com Ali Barati Moghaddam Ali Barati Moghaddam Maleke Ashtar University of Technology Iran ali.barati.moghaddam@gmail.com Partially submerged propeller Ventilation pattern Wake formation Inclination angle N. Olofsson, (1996), Force and Flow Characteristics of a Partially Submerged Propeller, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, (PhD Thesis).##K. Nozawa, N. Takayama, (2002), Hydrodynamic performance and exciting force of surface piercing propeller, Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Workshop on Marine Hydrodynamics (APHydro 2002), Kobe, Japan.##M. Ferrando, M. Viviani, S. Crotti, P. Cassella, S. Caldarella, (2006), Influence of Weber number on surface piercing propellers model tests scaling, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Hydrodynamics (ICHD2006), Ischia, Italy.##M. Ferrando, A. Scamardella, N. Bose, P. Liu, B. Veitch, (2002), Performance of family of surface piercing propellers, Transactions of the Royal Institution for Naval Architects, 144:63-75.##K. Nozawa, N. Takayama, (2002), Experimental study on propulsive performance of surface piercing propeller, J. Kansai Soc. Nav. Arch. 237: 63-70.##K. Himei, S. Yamasaki, M. Yamasaki, T. Kudo, (2005), A study of practical supercavitating propeller, the west- Japan society of naval architects.##Y.L. Young, S.A. Kinnas, (2003), Analysis of supercavitating and surface-piercing propeller flows via BEM, Computational Mech. 32: 269-280.##M. Caponnetto, (2003), RANSE Simulations of Surface Piercing Propellers, Proceedings of the 6th Numerical Towing Tank Symposium, Roma, Italy.##H. Ghassemi, (2009), Hydrodynamic characteristics of the surface-piercing propellers for the planing craft, J. Mar. Sci. Appl. 8: 267-274.##K. Himei, (2013), Numerical Analysis of Unsteady Open Water Characteristics of Surface Piercing Propeller, Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Marine Propulsors smp'13, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.##E. Yari, H. Ghassemi, (2016), Numerical study of surface tension effect on the hydrodynamic modeling of the partially submerged propeller's blade section, J. Mech. 32: 653-664.##E. Yari, H. Ghassemi, (2016), Numerical analysis of surface piercing propeller in unsteady conditions and cupped effect on ventilation pattern of blade cross-section, J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 21: 501-516.##E. Yari, H. Ghassemi, (2016), Hydrodynamic analysis of the surface-piercing propeller in unsteady open water condition using boundary element method, Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. 8: 22-37.##E. Yari, H. Ghassemi, (2016), The unsteady hydrodynamic characteristics of a partial submerged propeller via a RANS solver, J.Mar. Eng. Technol.14: 111-123.##E. Yari, (2017), Time Domain Analysis of the Ventilation around the Partial Immersed Propeller Using Sliding Mesh Method, Int. J.Mari. Technol. 7: 19-27.##S. Alimirzazadeh, S. Nardone, R. Zabihzade Roshan, M.S. Seif, (2016), Unsteady RANS simulation of a surface piercing propeller in oblique flow. Appl. Ocean Res. 56: 79-91.##D. Yang, Z. Ren, Z. Guo, Z. Gao, (2018), Numerical Analysis on the Hydrodynamic Performance of an Artificially Ventilated Surface-Piercing, Water. 10: 1499. https:// doi.org/ 10.3390/w10111499##D. C.Wilcox, (1998), Turbulence Modeling for CFD. DCW Industries, Inc. La Canada, California.##F. R. Menter, (2009), Review of the SST Turbulence Model Experience from an Industrial Perspective, International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics. Volume 23, Issue 4.##N. Olofsson, (1996), Force and Flow Characteristics of a Partially Submerged Propeller, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, (PhD Thesis).##K. Nozawa, N. Takayama, (2002), Hydrodynamic performance and exciting force of surface piercing propeller, Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Workshop on Marine Hydrodynamics (APHydro 2002), Kobe, Japan.##M. Ferrando, M. Viviani, S. Crotti, P. Cassella, S. Caldarella, (2006), Influence of Weber number on surface piercing propellers model tests scaling, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Hydrodynamics (ICHD2006), Ischia, Italy.##M. Ferrando, A. Scamardella, N. Bose, P. Liu, B. Veitch, (2002), Performance of family of surface piercing propellers, Transactions of the Royal Institution for Naval Architects, 144:63-75.##K. Nozawa, N. Takayama, (2002), Experimental study on propulsive performance of surface piercing propeller, J. Kansai Soc. Nav. Arch. 237: 63-70.##K. Himei, S. Yamasaki, M. Yamasaki, T. Kudo, (2005), A study of practical supercavitating propeller, the west- Japan society of naval architects.##Y.L. Young, S.A. Kinnas, (2003), Analysis of supercavitating and surface-piercing propeller flows via BEM, Computational Mech. 32: 269-280.##M. Caponnetto, (2003), RANSE Simulations of Surface Piercing Propellers, Proceedings of the 6th Numerical Towing Tank Symposium, Roma, Italy.##H. Ghassemi, (2009), Hydrodynamic characteristics of the surface-piercing propellers for the planing craft, J. Mar. Sci. Appl. 8: 267-274.##K. Himei, (2013), Numerical Analysis of Unsteady Open Water Characteristics of Surface Piercing Propeller, Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Marine Propulsors smp'13, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.##E. Yari, H. Ghassemi, (2016), Numerical study of surface tension effect on the hydrodynamic modeling of the partially submerged propeller's blade section, J. Mech. 32: 653-664.##E. Yari, H. Ghassemi, (2016), Numerical analysis of surface piercing propeller in unsteady conditions and cupped effect on ventilation pattern of blade cross-section, J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 21: 501-516.##E. Yari, H. Ghassemi, (2016), Hydrodynamic analysis of the surface-piercing propeller in unsteady open water condition using boundary element method, Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. 8: 22-37.##E. Yari, H. Ghassemi, (2016), The unsteady hydrodynamic characteristics of a partial submerged propeller via a RANS solver, J.Mar. Eng. Technol.14: 111-123.##E. Yari, (2017), Time Domain Analysis of the Ventilation around the Partial Immersed Propeller Using Sliding Mesh Method, Int. J.Mari. Technol. 7: 19-27.##S. Alimirzazadeh, S. Nardone, R. Zabihzade Roshan, M.S. Seif, (2016), Unsteady RANS simulation of a surface piercing propeller in oblique flow. Appl. Ocean Res. 56: 79-91.##D. Yang, Z. Ren, Z. Guo, Z. Gao, (2018), Numerical Analysis on the Hydrodynamic Performance of an Artificially Ventilated Surface-Piercing, Water. 10: 1499. https:// doi.org/ 10.3390/w10111499##D. C.Wilcox, (1998), Turbulence Modeling for CFD. DCW Industries, Inc. La Canada, California.##F. R. Menter, (2009), Review of the SST Turbulence Model Experience from an Industrial Perspective, International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics. Volume 23, Issue 4.## ##

Reliability Assessment of Offshore Pipeline Due to Pitting Corrosion 2 2 Pitting is one of the most localized forms of corrosion attacks which cannot be detected easily. Pitting decreases the pipe wall thickness and also the pipeline strength against environmental and operational loads. The purpose of this article is to investigate the most common reliability methods for estimating the maximum pitting depth and the effect of internal pressure on the remaining strength of corroded pipelines at different times in its lifetime service based on different failure pressure models using first-order approximation and sampling reliability methods. To investigate the effect of pitting growth and variation of internal pressure on pipeline characteristics, sensitivity analysis with gamma index several times in pipeline lifetime was performed. It is concluded that the first-order reliability method was applicable for ASME failure pressure models, also concluding that internal pressure and pipeline wall thickness are the most effective load and capacity parameters in failure probability of corroded pipelines. The reliability analysis was performed for two pipeline classes and two different pipeline wall thicknesses and it is concluded that the increase in pipeline wall thickness has more effect on decreasing the probability of failure (POF) of the pipeline than using a pipeline with higher classification. 21 29 2019/11/32019/10/52019/09/23 1398/7/1 2020/01/272020/02/92020/04/11 1399/1/23 Seyed Mohammad Hossein Sharifi Seyed Mohammad Hossein Sharifi Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology iran sharifi@put.ac.ir Nima Pirali Nima Pirali Student in Offshore Structural Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology iran n.pirali@mnc.put.ac.ir Offshore Pipeline Reliability Methods Corrosion Probability of Failure [1] E. Shekari, F. Khan, and S. Ahmed, "A predictive approach to fitness-for-service assessment of pitting corrosion," Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip., vol. 137, pp. 13-21, Jan. 2016.##[2] T. L. Anderson and D. A. Osage, "API 579: a comprehensive fitness-for-service guide," Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip., vol. 77, no. 14-15, pp. 953-963, Dec. 2000.##[3] K. Rezazadeh, L. Zhu, Y. Bai, and L. Zhang, "Fatigue Analysis of Multi-Spanning Subsea Pipeline," in 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering: Volume 5, Parts A and B, 2010, pp. 805-812.##[4] Z. Mustaffa, "System Reliability Assessment of Offshore Pipelines," University of Delft, 2011.##[5] M. G. Fontana, "Eight Forms of Corrosion," in Corrosion Engineering, Third edit., ohio: MacGraw-Hill publication, 1986, pp. 39-151.##[6] Yong Bai, Qiang Bai. "Subsea Corrosion and Scale",Elsevier BV, 2019##[7] R. Amaya-Gómez, M. Sánchez-Silva, E. Bastidas-Arteaga, F. Schoefs, and F. Muñoz, "Reliability assessments of corroded pipelines based on internal pressure - A review," Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 98, no. 19, pp. 190-214, 2019.##[8] N. Saeed, H. Baji, and H. Ronagh, "Reliability of corroded thin walled pipes repaired with composite overwrap," Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 85, pp. 201-206, 2014.##[9] O. S. Lee, D. H. Kim, and S. S. Choi, "Reliability of Buried Pipeline Using A Theory of Probability of Failure," vol. 110, pp. 221-230, 2006.##[10] S. X. Li, S. R. Yu, H. L. Zeng, J. H. Li, and R. Liang, "Predicting corrosion remaining life of underground pipelines with a mechanically-based probabilistic model," J. Pet. Sci. Eng., vol. 65, no. 3-4, pp. 162-166, 2009##[11] X. Jiang and C. Guedes Soares, "A closed form formula to predict the ultimate capacity of pitted mild steel plate under biaxial compression," Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 59, pp. 27-34, 2012.##[12] S. R. Freeman, Analysis and Prevention of Corrosion-Related Failures, vol. 2. 2002.##[13] E. Arzaghi et al., "Developing a dynamic model for pitting and corrosion-fatigue damage of subsea pipelines," Ocean Eng., no. December, pp. 1-6, 2017.##[14] M. Orazem, Underground Pipeline Corrosion, Detection, Analysis and Prevention, Elsevier Science, Woodhead Publishing series in metals and surface engineering, 2014.##[15] Rajani B, Makar J, McDonald S, Zhan C, Kuraoka S, Jen CK, et al. Investigation of grey cast iron water mains to develop a methodology for estimating service life. Denver, Colorado: American Water Works Association Research Foundation; 2000##[16] Li SX, Yu SR, Zeng HL, Li JH, Liang R. Predicting corrosion remaining life of underground pipelines with a mechanically-based probabilistic model. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering;65(3-4):162-6, 2009##[17] C.Q. Li, M. Mahmoodian, Risk based service life prediction of underground cast iron pipes subjected to corrosion, Reliability Engineering & System Safety 119,pp.102-108, 2013##[18] R. E. Melchers, "The effect of corrosion on the structural reliability of steel offshore structures," Corros. Sci., vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 2391-2410, Oct. 2005.##[19] A. K. Sheikh, J. K. Boah, and D. A. Hansen, "Statistical modeling of pitting corrosion and pipeline reliability," Corrosion, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 190-197, 1990.##[20] B. Rajani, Investigation of Grey Cast Iron Water Mains to Develop a Methodology for Estimating Service Life. American Water Works Association, 2000.##[21] M. Dekker, "Corrosion Mechanisms," Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int., vol. 3, no. 3, Jul. 1987.##[22] R. Sadiq, B. Rajani, and Y. Kleiner, "Probabilistic risk analysis of corrosion associated failures in cast iron water mains," Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 1-10, Oct. 2004.##[23] "DNV-OS-F101: Submarine Pipeline Systems October 2010," no. October, 2010.##[24] "DNV CLASSIFICATION NOTES NO.30.6: STRUCTURAL RELIABILTIY ANALYSIS OF MARINE STRUCTURES," vol. 1, 1992.##[25] F. Van den Abeele, F. Boël, and J.-F. Vanden Berghe, "Structural Reliability of Free Spanning Pipelines," in Volume 3: Materials and Joining; Risk and Reliability, 2014, p. V003T12A023.##[26] BOMEL Limited, "Probabilistic methods: Uses and abuses in structural integrity," in Probabilistic methods: Uses and abuses in structural integrity, no. 398/2001, 2001.##[27] BOMEL Limited, "STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY THEORY, UNCERTAINTY MODELLING AND THE INTERPRETATION OF PROBABILITY," in Probabilistic methods: Uses and abuses in structural integrity, no. 398/2001, 2001.##[28] O. Ditlevsen and H. O. Madsen, "Structural Reliability Methods," Book, p. 375, 2007.##[29] Mohammad Mahdi Shabani, Abdolrahim Taheri,##Mohammad Daghigh. "Reliability assessment of free##spanning subsea pipeline", Thin-Walled Structures, 2017.##[30] Y.-G. Zhao and T. Ono, "A general procedure for first/second-order reliabilitymethod (FORM/SORM)," Struct. Saf., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 95-112, 1999.##[31] A. Der Kiureghian and T. Dakessian, "Multiple design points in first and second-order reliability," Struct. Saf., vol. 20, pp. 37-49, 1998.##[32] M. Mahmoodian and C. Q. Li, "Failure assessment and safe life prediction of corroded oil and gas pipelines," J. Pet. Sci. Eng., vol. 151, pp. 434-438, Mar. 2017.##[33] M. Ahammed and R. E. E. Melchers, "Probabilistic analysis of underground pipelines subject to combined stresses and corrosion," Eng. Struct., vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 988-994,##[34] L. Vieillevigne, J. Molinier, T. Brun, and R. Ferrand, "Gamma index comparison of three VMAT QA systems and evaluation of their sensitivity to delivery errors," Phys. Medica, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 720-725, 2015.##[35] J. I. Park, J. M. Park, J. in Kim, S. Y. Park, and S. J. Ye, "Gamma-index method sensitivity for gauging plan delivery accuracy of volumetric modulated arc therapy," Phys. Medica, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1118-1122, 2015.## ##

Ocean Circulation to Blame for Red Tide Outbreak in the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman 2 2 Red tide is a phenomenon that occurs by rapid growth or proliferation of toxic algae. The growth and spread of this phenomenon can threaten marine ecosystems, human health, aquaculture, water desalination plans, tourism and fisheries industries. Ocean currents are one of the affecting factors of the distribution of this phenomenon. In this study, the role of ocean current in chlorophyll-a distribution is investigated on the north coast of the Arabian Sea, the Sea of Oman and the Persian Gulf. The monthly MODIS satellite chlorophyll-a concentration data is used to study the red tide and the HYCOM model analysis result to study the current ocean pattern from 2002 to 2018 and in 2016 as an example. The currents in this area cause chlorophyll-a spreading and transfer of nutrients necessary for chlorophyll-a proliferation and red tides events. There are four main sources of chlorophyll expansion and proliferation in the region: the eastern shores of the Arabian Sea, the northern shores of the Arabian Sea and the Sea of Oman, the Strait of Hormuz, and the northwestern shores of the Persian Gulf. The northeastern currents in East Oman transport chlorophyll to the north of the Arabian Sea and the northwestern currents in the west of the Arabian Sea move chlorophyll from the coasts of India and Pakistan to the west and dispersed it to the west in the northern shores of the sea of Oman. 31 39 2019/11/32019/10/52019/09/232019/05/4 1398/2/14 2020/01/272020/02/92020/04/112020/06/6 1399/3/17 Mehrdad Bakhtiar Mehrdad Bakhtiar Iran University of Science & Technology iran mehrdadbakhtiar@gmail.com Ahmad Rezaee Mazyak Ahmad Rezaee Mazyak Tarbiat Modares University iran a.rezaeemazyak@modares.ac.ir Mohammad Khosravi Mohammad Khosravi Pars Geometry Consultants iran mohamad.r.khosravi@gmail.com Chlorophyll-a Ocean Current Persian Gulf Sea of Oman ANDERSON, D. M. and GARRISON, D. J.,(1997), The ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.##WALSH, J. J. and STEIDINGER, K. A.,(2001), Saharan dust and Florida red tides: the cyanophyte connection, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 106(C6), p. 11597-11612.##MORADI, M. and KABIRI, K.,(2012), Red tide detection in the Strait of Hormuz (east of the Persian Gulf) using MODIS fluorescence data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 33(4), p. 1015-1028.##DU YOO, Y., et al.,(2013), Red tides in Masan Bay, Korea in 2004-2005: II. Daily variations in the abundance of heterotrophic protists and their grazing impact on red-tide organisms, Harmful Algae, 30, p. S89-S101.##WINARSO, G. and ISHIZAKA, J.,(2017), VALIDATION OF COCHLODINIUM POLYKRIKOIDES RED TIDE DETECTION USING SEAWIFS-DERIVED CHLOROPHYLL-A DATA WITH NFRDI RED TIDE MAP IN SOUTH EAST KOREAN WATERS, International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES), 14(1), p. 19-26.##YUNUS, A. P., DOU, J. and SRAVANTHI, N.,(2015), Remote sensing of chlorophyll-a as a measure of red tide in Tokyo Bay using hotspot analysis, Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 2, p. 11-25.##PAERL, H. W., HALL, N. S. and CALANDRINO, E. S.,(2011), Controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a world experiencing anthropogenic and climatic-induced change, Science of the Total Environment, 409(10), p. 1739-1745.##CASTELAO, R. M., MAVOR, T. P., BARTH, J. A. and BREAKER, L. C.,(2006), Sea surface temperature fronts in the California Current System from geostationary satellite observations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 111(C9).##FUENTES‐YACO, C., KOELLER, P., SATHYENDRANATH, S. and PLATT, T.,(2007), Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) growth and timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom on the Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf, Fisheries oceanography, 16(2), p. 116-129.##MARITORENA, S., D'ANDON, O. H. F., MANGIN, A. and SIEGEL, D. A.,(2010), Merged satellite ocean color data products using a bio-optical model: Characteristics, benefits and issues, Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(8), p. 1791-1804.##CHASSOT, E., et al.,(2011), Satellite remote sensing for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68(4), p. 651-666.##BREWIN, R. J., et al.,(2014), On the temporal consistency of chlorophyll products derived from three ocean-colour sensors, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 97, p. 171-184.##OHGAKI, S.-I., et al.,(2019), Effects of temperature and red tides on sea urchin abundance and species richness over 45 years in southern Japan, Ecological indicators, 96, p. 684-693.##KIM, C. S., LEE, S. G., LEE, C. K., KIM, H. G. and JUNG, J.,(1999), Reactive oxygen species as causative agents in the ichthyotoxicity of the red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Journal of Plankton Research, 21(11), p. 2105-2115.##HEIL, C. A., et al.,(2001), First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 214, p. 15-23.##GEIDER, R., MACINTYRE, H. and KANA, T.,(1997), Dynamic model of phytoplankton growth and acclimation: responses of the balanced growth rate and the chlorophyll a: carbon ratio to light, nutrient-limitation and temperature, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 148, p. 187-200.##HATANO, M. and IMAI, I.,(2010), Selenium requirements for growth of the red tide dinoflagellates Heterocapsa circularisquama, H. triquetra and Karenia mikimoto, 北海道大学水産科学研究彙報, 60(2/3), p. 51-56.##HU, J. and WANG, X. H.,(2016), Progress on upwelling studies in the China seas, Reviews of Geophysics, 54(3), p. 653-673.##STUMPF, R., et al.,(2003), Monitoring Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico using satellite ocean color imagery and other data, Harmful Algae, 2(2), p. 147-160.##BAIRD, M. E., et al.,(2016), Remote-sensing reflectance and true colour produced by a coupled hydrodynamic, optical, sediment, biogeochemical model of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia: comparison with satellite data, Environmental modelling & software, 78, p. 79-96.##KIM, G., LEE, Y. W., JOUNG, D. J., KIM, K. R. and KIM, K.,(2006), Real‐time monitoring of nutrient concentrations and red‐tide outbreaks in the southern sea of Korea, Geophysical research letters, 33(13).##AL-YAMANI, F. Y., BISHOP, J., RAMADHAN, E., AL-HUSAINI, M. and AL-GHADBAN, A.,(2004), Oceanographic atlas of Kuwait's waters.##JOHNS, W. E., JACOBS, G. A., KINDLE, J. C., MURRAY, S. P. and CARRON, M., (1999), Arabian marginal seas and gulfs, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV.##REYNOLDS, R. M.,(1993), Physical oceanography of the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and the Gulf of Oman-Results from the Mt Mitchell expedition, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 27, p. 35-59.##JOHANNESSEN, O. M., et al.,(2000), Satellite earth observation in operational oceanography, Coastal Engineering, 41(1-3), p. 155-176.##YE, S., PONTIUS JR, R. G. and RAKSHIT, R.,(2018), A review of accuracy assessment for object-based image analysis: From per-pixel to per-polygon approaches, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 141, p. 137-147.##PARKINSON, C. L.,(2003), Aqua: An Earth-observing satellite mission to examine water and other climate variables, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41(2), p. 173-183.##XIONG, X., et al.,(2009), NASA EOS Terra and Aqua MODIS on-orbit performance, Advances in Space Research, 43(3), p. 413-422.##O'REILLY, J. E., et al.,(2000), Ocean color chlorophyll a algorithms for SeaWiFS, OC2, and OC4: Version 4, SeaWiFS postlaunch calibration and validation analyses, Part, 3, p. 9-23.##RICHLEN, M. L., MORTON, S. L., JAMALI, E. A., RAJAN, A. and ANDERSON, D. M.,(2010), The catastrophic 2008-2009 red tide in the Arabian Gulf region, with observations on the identification and phylogeny of the fish-killing dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Harmful Algae, 9(2), p. 163-172.##BÖHM, E., MORRISON, J. M., MANGHNANI, V., KIM, H.-S. and FLAGG, C. N.,(1999), The Ras al Hadd Jet: remotely sensed and acoustic Doppler current profiler observations in 1994-1995, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 46(8-9), p. 1531-1549.##SARMA, Y., AL HASHMI, K. and SMITH, S. L.,(2013), Sea surface warming and its implications for harmful algal blooms off Oman, International Journal of Marine Science, 3(8).##MARRA, J. and BARBER, R. T.,(2005), Primary productivity in the Arabian Sea: A synthesis of JGOFS data, Progress in Oceanography, 65(2-4), p. 159-175.##ANDERSON, D. M. and GARRISON, D. J.,(1997), The ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.##WALSH, J. J. and STEIDINGER, K. A.,(2001), Saharan dust and Florida red tides: the cyanophyte connection, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 106(C6), p. 11597-11612.##MORADI, M. and KABIRI, K.,(2012), Red tide detection in the Strait of Hormuz (east of the Persian Gulf) using MODIS fluorescence data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 33(4), p. 1015-1028.##DU YOO, Y., et al.,(2013), Red tides in Masan Bay, Korea in 2004-2005: II. Daily variations in the abundance of heterotrophic protists and their grazing impact on red-tide organisms, Harmful Algae, 30, p. S89-S101.##WINARSO, G. and ISHIZAKA, J.,(2017), VALIDATION OF COCHLODINIUM POLYKRIKOIDES RED TIDE DETECTION USING SEAWIFS-DERIVED CHLOROPHYLL-A DATA WITH NFRDI RED TIDE MAP IN SOUTH EAST KOREAN WATERS, International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES), 14(1), p. 19-26.##YUNUS, A. P., DOU, J. and SRAVANTHI, N.,(2015), Remote sensing of chlorophyll-a as a measure of red tide in Tokyo Bay using hotspot analysis, Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 2, p. 11-25.##PAERL, H. W., HALL, N. S. and CALANDRINO, E. S.,(2011), Controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a world experiencing anthropogenic and climatic-induced change, Science of the Total Environment, 409(10), p. 1739-1745.##CASTELAO, R. M., MAVOR, T. P., BARTH, J. A. and BREAKER, L. C.,(2006), Sea surface temperature fronts in the California Current System from geostationary satellite observations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 111(C9).##FUENTES‐YACO, C., KOELLER, P., SATHYENDRANATH, S. and PLATT, T.,(2007), Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) growth and timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom on the Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf, Fisheries oceanography, 16(2), p. 116-129.##MARITORENA, S., D'ANDON, O. H. F., MANGIN, A. and SIEGEL, D. A.,(2010), Merged satellite ocean color data products using a bio-optical model: Characteristics, benefits and issues, Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(8), p. 1791-1804.##CHASSOT, E., et al.,(2011), Satellite remote sensing for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68(4), p. 651-666.##BREWIN, R. J., et al.,(2014), On the temporal consistency of chlorophyll products derived from three ocean-colour sensors, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 97, p. 171-184.##OHGAKI, S.-I., et al.,(2019), Effects of temperature and red tides on sea urchin abundance and species richness over 45 years in southern Japan, Ecological indicators, 96, p. 684-693.##KIM, C. S., LEE, S. G., LEE, C. K., KIM, H. G. and JUNG, J.,(1999), Reactive oxygen species as causative agents in the ichthyotoxicity of the red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Journal of Plankton Research, 21(11), p. 2105-2115.##HEIL, C. A., et al.,(2001), First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 214, p. 15-23.##GEIDER, R., MACINTYRE, H. and KANA, T.,(1997), Dynamic model of phytoplankton growth and acclimation: responses of the balanced growth rate and the chlorophyll a: carbon ratio to light, nutrient-limitation and temperature, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 148, p. 187-200.##HATANO, M. and IMAI, I.,(2010), Selenium requirements for growth of the red tide dinoflagellates Heterocapsa circularisquama, H. triquetra and Karenia mikimoto, 北海道大学水産科学研究彙報, 60(2/3), p. 51-56.##HU, J. and WANG, X. H.,(2016), Progress on upwelling studies in the China seas, Reviews of Geophysics, 54(3), p. 653-673.##STUMPF, R., et al.,(2003), Monitoring Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico using satellite ocean color imagery and other data, Harmful Algae, 2(2), p. 147-160.##BAIRD, M. E., et al.,(2016), Remote-sensing reflectance and true colour produced by a coupled hydrodynamic, optical, sediment, biogeochemical model of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia: comparison with satellite data, Environmental modelling & software, 78, p. 79-96.##KIM, G., LEE, Y. W., JOUNG, D. J., KIM, K. R. and KIM, K.,(2006), Real‐time monitoring of nutrient concentrations and red‐tide outbreaks in the southern sea of Korea, Geophysical research letters, 33(13).##AL-YAMANI, F. Y., BISHOP, J., RAMADHAN, E., AL-HUSAINI, M. and AL-GHADBAN, A.,(2004), Oceanographic atlas of Kuwait's waters.##JOHNS, W. E., JACOBS, G. A., KINDLE, J. C., MURRAY, S. P. and CARRON, M., (1999), Arabian marginal seas and gulfs, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV.##REYNOLDS, R. M.,(1993), Physical oceanography of the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and the Gulf of Oman-Results from the Mt Mitchell expedition, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 27, p. 35-59.##JOHANNESSEN, O. M., et al.,(2000), Satellite earth observation in operational oceanography, Coastal Engineering, 41(1-3), p. 155-176.##YE, S., PONTIUS JR, R. G. and RAKSHIT, R.,(2018), A review of accuracy assessment for object-based image analysis: From per-pixel to per-polygon approaches, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 141, p. 137-147.##PARKINSON, C. L.,(2003), Aqua: An Earth-observing satellite mission to examine water and other climate variables, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41(2), p. 173-183.##XIONG, X., et al.,(2009), NASA EOS Terra and Aqua MODIS on-orbit performance, Advances in Space Research, 43(3), p. 413-422.##O'REILLY, J. E., et al.,(2000), Ocean color chlorophyll a algorithms for SeaWiFS, OC2, and OC4: Version 4, SeaWiFS postlaunch calibration and validation analyses, Part, 3, p. 9-23.##RICHLEN, M. L., MORTON, S. L., JAMALI, E. A., RAJAN, A. and ANDERSON, D. M.,(2010), The catastrophic 2008-2009 red tide in the Arabian Gulf region, with observations on the identification and phylogeny of the fish-killing dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Harmful Algae, 9(2), p. 163-172.##BÖHM, E., MORRISON, J. M., MANGHNANI, V., KIM, H.-S. and FLAGG, C. N.,(1999), The Ras al Hadd Jet: remotely sensed and acoustic Doppler current profiler observations in 1994-1995, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 46(8-9), p. 1531-1549.##SARMA, Y., AL HASHMI, K. and SMITH, S. L.,(2013), Sea surface warming and its implications for harmful algal blooms off Oman, International Journal of Marine Science, 3(8).##MARRA, J. and BARBER, R. T.,(2005), Primary productivity in the Arabian Sea: A synthesis of JGOFS data, Progress in Oceanography, 65(2-4), p. 159-175.## ##

Assessment of noise in time series analysis for Buoy tide observations 2 2 To extract valid results from time series analysis of tides observations, noise reduction is vital. This study aimed to use a precise statistical model to investigate noise types. Noise component amplitude of the proposed model was studied by Least Square Estimation (LS-VCE) through different statistical models: (1) white noise and auto-regressive noise, (2) white noise and Flicker noise, (3) white noise and random walk noise, (4) white noise and Flicker noise and random walk, and (5) auto-regressive noise and Flicker noise. Based on the values obtained for the Likelihood Function, it was concluded that the noise model that can be considered for observations of the Buoy time series includes two white and Flicker noises. In addition, tide forecasting for all stations was done by extracting important frequency calculated in two cases: (1) the first case in which matrix of observation weight matrix was considered as the unit matrix or the noise model was just a white noise (2) the case in which matrix of observation weight matrix was considered as a combination of white and Flicker noises. The results show that use of precise observation weight matrix resulted in 11 millimeter difference compared to the case in which observation with unit weight matrix was used. 41 49 2019/11/32019/10/52019/09/232019/05/42019/12/22 1398/10/1 2020/01/272020/02/92020/04/112020/06/62020/06/25 1399/4/5 Saeed Farzaneh Saeed Farzaneh School of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Tehran iran farzaneh@ut.ac.ir Mohammad Ali Sharifi Mohammad Ali Sharifi School of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Tehran iran sharifi@ut.ac.ir Kamal Parvazi Kamal Parvazi School of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Tehran iran kamal.parvazi@ut.ac.ir Bahare Namazi Bahare Namazi School of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Tehran iran bahare.namazi@ut.ac.ir Buoy station’s time series Least Square Estimation Least Square -Harmonic Estimation tides observation’s noise analysis Maximum Likelihood Estimation. 1- Amiri-Simkooei, A. (2007). Least-squares variance component estimation: theory and GPS applications", PhD thesis, Mathematical Geodesy and Positioning, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, 2007.##Mousavian, R., & Hossainali, M. M. (2012). Detection of main tidal frequencies using least squares harmonic estimation method. Journal of Geodetic Science, 2(3), 224-233.##Mandelbrot, B. B., & Van Ness, J. W. (1968). Fractional Brownian motions, fractional noises and applications. SIAM review, 10(4), 422-437.##Kubik, K. (1970). The estimation of the weights of measured quantities within the method of least squares. Bulletin Géodésique (1946-1975), 95(1), 21-40.##Koch, K. R. (1986). Maximum likelihood estimate of variance components. Bulletin Gæodésique, 60(4), 329-338.##Rao, C. R. (1971). Estimation of variance and covariance components-MINQUE theory. Journal of multivariate analysis, 1(3), 257-275.##Rao, C. R., Rao, C. R., Statistiker, M., Rao, C. R., & Rao, C. R. (1973). Linear statistical inference and its applications (Vol. 2, pp. 263-270). New York: Wiley.##Koch, K.R. (1978). Schätzung von varianzkomponenten. Allgemeine Vermessungs Nachrichten, 85, pp.264-269.##Koch, K. R. (1999). Parameter estimation and hypothesis testing in linear models. Springer Science & Business Media.##Helmert, F. R. (1872). Die Ausgleichungsrechnung nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate: mit Anwendungen auf die Geodäsie, die Physik und die Theorie der Messinstrumente (Vol. 1). Teubner.##Helmert FR, Die ausgleichungsrechnung nach der methode der kleinsten quadrate. 3. AUFL., Leipzig/Berlin,1924.##Koch, K. R. (1987). Bayesian inference for variance components. Manuscripta geodaetica, 12(4), 309-313.##Teunissen, P. (2004). Towards a least-squares framework for adjusting and testing of both functional and stochastic models. Technical report, Delft University of Technology. A reprint of original 1988 report is also available in 2004, No. 26, http://www.lr.tudelft.nl/mgp. Internal research memo, Geodetic Computing Centre.##Amiri-Simkooei, A. R., & Tiberius, C. C. J. M. (2007). Assessing receiver noise using GPS short baseline time series. GPS solutions, 11(1), 21-35.##Barnes, J. B. (2000). Real time kinematic GPS and multipath: characterisation and improved least squares modelling (Doctoral dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne).##Bischoff, W., Heck, B., Howind, J., & Teusch, A. (2005). A procedure for testing the assumption of homoscedasticity in least squares residuals: a case study of GPS carrier-phase observations. Journal of Geodesy, 78(7-8), 397-404.##Bischoff, W., Heck, B., Howind, J., & Teusch, A. (2006). A procedure for estimating the variance function of linear models and for checking the appropriateness of estimated variances: a case study of GPS carrier-phase observations. Journal of Geodesy, 79(12), 694-704.##Bona, P. (2000). Precision, cross correlation, and time correlation of GPS phase and code observations. GPS solutions, 4(2), 3-13.##Chen, Y. Q. (1990). Assessments of observations using minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (MINQUE). CISM J. ACSGC, 44, 36-49.##Fotopoulos, G. (2005). Calibration of geoid error models via a combined adjustment of ellipsoidal, orthometric and gravimetric geoid height data. Journal of Geodesy, 79(1-3), 111-123.##Kusche, J. (2003). A Monte-Carlo technique for weight estimation in satellite geodesy. Journal of Geodesy, 76(11-12), 641-652.##Kusche, J. (2003). Noise variance estimation and optimal weight determination for GOCE gravity recovery. Advances in Geosciences, 1, 81-85.##Satirapod, C., Wang, J., & Rizos, C. (2002). A simplified MINQUE procedure for the estimation of variance-covariance components of GPS observables. Survey Review, 36(286), 582-590.##Schön, S., & Brunner, F. K. (2008). Atmospheric turbulence theory applied to GPS carrier-phase data. Journal of Geodesy, 82(1), 47-57.##Schön, S., & Brunner, F. K. (2008). A proposal for modelling physical correlations of GPS phase observations. Journal of Geodesy, 82(10), 601-612.##Teunissen, P. J., Jonkman, N. F., & Tiberius, C. C. J. M. (1998). Weighting GPS dual frequency observations: bearing the cross of cross-correlation. GPS Solutions, 2(2), 28-37.##Tiberius, C. C. J. M., & Kenselaar, F. (2000). Estimation of the stochastic model for GPS code and phase observables. Survey Review, 35(277), 441-454.##Wang, J., Stewart, M. P., & Tsakiri, M. (1998). Stochastic modeling for static GPS baseline data processing. Journal of Surveying Engineering, 124(4), 171-181.##Xu, P., Shen, Y., Fukuda, Y., & Liu, Y. (2006). Variance component estimation in linear inverse ill-posed models. Journal of Geodesy, 80(2), 69-81.##Xu, P., Liu, Y., Shen, Y. and Fukuda, Y.(2007). Estimability analysis of variance and covariance components. Journal of Geodesy, 81(9), pp.593-602.##Williams, S.D., Bock, Y., Fang, P., Jamason, P., Nikolaidis, R.M., Prawirodirdjo, L., Miller, M. and Johnson, D.J.(2004). Error analysis of continuous GPS position time series. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 109(B3).##Amiri-Simkooei, A. R. (2009). Noise in multivariate GPS position time-series. Journal of Geodesy, 83(2), 175-187.##Amiri‐Simkooei, A. R., Tiberius, C. C. J. M., & Teunissen, S. P. (2007). Assessment of noise in GPS coordinate time series: methodology and results. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 112(B7).##Zhang J, Bock Y, Johnson H, Fang P, Williams S, Genrich J, Wdowinski S, Behr J (1997). Southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic Array: Error analysis of daily position estimates and site velocitties. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102: 18035-18055.##Johnson HO, Wyatt FK (1994). Geodetic network design for fault-mechanics studies. 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(2010). Newtonian dynamics. Austin, Tex: The University of Texas, 2011 [2012-5-14]: 201-217. http://farside. ph. utexas, edu/teaching/336k/Newton.##[43] Pirooznia, M., Raoofian Naeeni, M. and Amerian, Y., 2019. A Comparative Study Between Least Square and Total Least Square Methods for Time-Series Analysis and Quality Control of Sea Level Observations. Marine Geodesy, 42(2), pp.104-129.##1- Amiri-Simkooei, A. (2007). Least-squares variance component estimation: theory and GPS applications", PhD thesis, Mathematical Geodesy and Positioning, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, 2007.##Mousavian, R., & Hossainali, M. M. (2012). Detection of main tidal frequencies using least squares harmonic estimation method. Journal of Geodetic Science, 2(3), 224-233.##Mandelbrot, B. B., & Van Ness, J. W. (1968). Fractional Brownian motions, fractional noises and applications. SIAM review, 10(4), 422-437.##Kubik, K. (1970). The estimation of the weights of measured quantities within the method of least squares. Bulletin Géodésique (1946-1975), 95(1), 21-40.##Koch, K. R. (1986). Maximum likelihood estimate of variance components. Bulletin Gæodésique, 60(4), 329-338.##Rao, C. R. (1971). Estimation of variance and covariance components-MINQUE theory. Journal of multivariate analysis, 1(3), 257-275.##Rao, C. R., Rao, C. R., Statistiker, M., Rao, C. R., & Rao, C. R. (1973). Linear statistical inference and its applications (Vol. 2, pp. 263-270). New York: Wiley.##Koch, K.R. (1978). Schätzung von varianzkomponenten. Allgemeine Vermessungs Nachrichten, 85, pp.264-269.##Koch, K. R. (1999). Parameter estimation and hypothesis testing in linear models. Springer Science & Business Media.##Helmert, F. R. (1872). Die Ausgleichungsrechnung nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate: mit Anwendungen auf die Geodäsie, die Physik und die Theorie der Messinstrumente (Vol. 1). Teubner.##Helmert FR, Die ausgleichungsrechnung nach der methode der kleinsten quadrate. 3. AUFL., Leipzig/Berlin,1924.##Koch, K. R. (1987). Bayesian inference for variance components. Manuscripta geodaetica, 12(4), 309-313.##Teunissen, P. (2004). Towards a least-squares framework for adjusting and testing of both functional and stochastic models. Technical report, Delft University of Technology. A reprint of original 1988 report is also available in 2004, No. 26, http://www.lr.tudelft.nl/mgp. Internal research memo, Geodetic Computing Centre.##Amiri-Simkooei, A. R., & Tiberius, C. C. J. M. (2007). Assessing receiver noise using GPS short baseline time series. GPS solutions, 11(1), 21-35.##Barnes, J. B. (2000). Real time kinematic GPS and multipath: characterisation and improved least squares modelling (Doctoral dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne).##Bischoff, W., Heck, B., Howind, J., & Teusch, A. (2005). A procedure for testing the assumption of homoscedasticity in least squares residuals: a case study of GPS carrier-phase observations. Journal of Geodesy, 78(7-8), 397-404.##Bischoff, W., Heck, B., Howind, J., & Teusch, A. (2006). A procedure for estimating the variance function of linear models and for checking the appropriateness of estimated variances: a case study of GPS carrier-phase observations. Journal of Geodesy, 79(12), 694-704.##Bona, P. (2000). Precision, cross correlation, and time correlation of GPS phase and code observations. GPS solutions, 4(2), 3-13.##Chen, Y. Q. (1990). Assessments of observations using minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (MINQUE). CISM J. ACSGC, 44, 36-49.##Fotopoulos, G. (2005). Calibration of geoid error models via a combined adjustment of ellipsoidal, orthometric and gravimetric geoid height data. Journal of Geodesy, 79(1-3), 111-123.##Kusche, J. (2003). A Monte-Carlo technique for weight estimation in satellite geodesy. Journal of Geodesy, 76(11-12), 641-652.##Kusche, J. (2003). Noise variance estimation and optimal weight determination for GOCE gravity recovery. Advances in Geosciences, 1, 81-85.##Satirapod, C., Wang, J., & Rizos, C. (2002). A simplified MINQUE procedure for the estimation of variance-covariance components of GPS observables. Survey Review, 36(286), 582-590.##Schön, S., & Brunner, F. K. (2008). Atmospheric turbulence theory applied to GPS carrier-phase data. Journal of Geodesy, 82(1), 47-57.##Schön, S., & Brunner, F. K. (2008). A proposal for modelling physical correlations of GPS phase observations. Journal of Geodesy, 82(10), 601-612.##Teunissen, P. J., Jonkman, N. F., & Tiberius, C. C. J. M. (1998). Weighting GPS dual frequency observations: bearing the cross of cross-correlation. GPS Solutions, 2(2), 28-37.##Tiberius, C. C. J. M., & Kenselaar, F. (2000). Estimation of the stochastic model for GPS code and phase observables. Survey Review, 35(277), 441-454.##Wang, J., Stewart, M. P., & Tsakiri, M. (1998). Stochastic modeling for static GPS baseline data processing. Journal of Surveying Engineering, 124(4), 171-181.##Xu, P., Shen, Y., Fukuda, Y., & Liu, Y. (2006). Variance component estimation in linear inverse ill-posed models. Journal of Geodesy, 80(2), 69-81.##Xu, P., Liu, Y., Shen, Y. and Fukuda, Y.(2007). Estimability analysis of variance and covariance components. Journal of Geodesy, 81(9), pp.593-602.##Williams, S.D., Bock, Y., Fang, P., Jamason, P., Nikolaidis, R.M., Prawirodirdjo, L., Miller, M. and Johnson, D.J.(2004). Error analysis of continuous GPS position time series. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 109(B3).##Amiri-Simkooei, A. R. (2009). Noise in multivariate GPS position time-series. Journal of Geodesy, 83(2), 175-187.##Amiri‐Simkooei, A. R., Tiberius, C. C. J. M., & Teunissen, S. P. (2007). Assessment of noise in GPS coordinate time series: methodology and results. 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Hydroelastic Analysis of Composite Marine Propeller Basis Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) 2 2 In recent decades, there has been a growing demand for composite materials with high strength to weight ratio and high stiffness to weight ratio for use in the marine industry to improve the hydrodynamic and structural performance of vessels and propulsion systems. Apart from the advantages of composite propellers over their metal counterparts, deformations of these propellers under loading can alter their hydrodynamic effects. This paper was a hydroelastic analysis of a composite marine propeller made of carbon fiber laminate. This analysis was performed by the use of CFD-FEM based on the two-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) coupling on the 3D geometry of the KP458 propeller. The CFD results are compared with the experimental data reported by Hyundai Maritime Research Institute (HMRI), for advance ratios of 0.1-0.5, which shows a perfect agreement among them. An increase in the efficiency of the flexible propeller is observed in different advance ratios due to an increase in thrust (1-4%) and a decrease in torque (1-6%). 51 59 2019/11/32019/10/52019/09/232019/05/42019/12/222019/12/30 1398/10/9 2020/01/272020/02/92020/04/112020/06/62020/06/252020/08/1 1399/5/11 Amir Arsalan Shayanpoor Amir Arsalan Shayanpoor Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology iran arsalan.shayanpoor@gmail.com Ahmad Hajivand Ahmad Hajivand Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology iran hajivand@kmsu.ac.ir Masih Moore Masih Moore Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology iran m.moore@kmsu.ac.ir Hydroelastic Composite propeller hydrodynamic performance FSI 1- Young, Y.L., (2007), Time-dependent Hydro-elastic Analysis of Cavitating Propulsors, Journal of Fluids and Structures, 23:269-295.##Mulcahy, N. L., Prusty, B. G. Gardiner, C. P., (2011) Flexible composite hydrofoils and propeller blades. 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Subramanian, V. (2019). Design and Analysis of a Carbon Composite Propeller for Podded Propulsion. 10.1007/978-981-13-3119-0_13.##Zhang, F., & Ma, J. (2018). FSI Analysis the Dynamic Performance of Composite Propeller. V002T08A006. 10.1115/OMAE2018 77108.##Raja, V. & Venkatesan, K. & Kumar. M., Senthil & Kumar G, R. & Jagadeeshwaran, P. & Kumar, R., (2020), Comparative fatigue life estimations of Marine Propeller by using FSI. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1473. 012018.##Young YL. (2008), Fluid-structure interaction analysis of flexible composite marine propellers. J Fluids Struct 24:799-818.##Luhar, Mitul & Nepf, Heidi. (2011), Flow-induced reconfiguration of buoyant and flexible aquatic vegetation. Limnology and Oceanography. 56. 2003-2017. 10.4319/lo.2011.56.6.2003.##CD Adapco, (2017). STAR CCM+ User's Guide Version 12.04.010.##Sung, Y.J., Park, S-H., Ahn, K-S., Chung, S-H., Shin, S.S. and Jae-Hyoung, J. (2014), Evaluation on Deep Water Manoeuvring Performances of KVLCC2 Based on PMM Test and RANS Simulation, Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd and CD-Adapco Korea, Republic of Korea. Proceedings of SIMMAN.##ITTC-Recommended Procedures and Guidelines, (2008). Uncertainty Analysis in CFD Verification and Validation Methodology and Procedures. 7.5-03-01-01.##ITTC-Recommended Procedures and Guidelines, (2014). Practical Guidelines for Ship Self-Propulsion CFD. 7.5-03-03-01.## ##