The Future of World's Shipping Routes: an Analytical Comparative Prediction 2 2 Countries that produce products and consumers are the determining factors in important commercial shipping routes in the world. In the 20th century, Europe and America produced as agents and Asia as consumers, but this is not the case since the new beginning. The increase in population, the growth of the GDP index, and the wealth and technology of Asian societies can be seen. Also, due to the increase in population, Western companies have turned to Asia for more profit and to benefit from cheap skilled labor. In this article, we have introduced important shipping points in the world. Then, by studying the statistics of the past decades, examining the current situation and future forecasts, we came to the conclusion that the world's most important commercial shipping routes in the coming years are not only from the West and Europe to Asia. Asia is to these countries and even from Asia to Asia. 1 13 2023/08/11 1402/5/20 2023/12/18 1402/9/27 Yasamin Hasani Asyabdareh Yasamin Hasani Asyabdareh MSc in civil engineering, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology ایران yhasaniasiyabdareh139@gmail.com Mohammad Moonesun Mohammad Moonesun Assist. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, ایران m.moonesun@gmail.com Mehdi Adjami Mehdi Adjami Assist. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, ایران mahdi.adjami@gmail.com world's transit routes transit chokepoint increasing population in Asia the future of the world Decline of the West 1- Humpert, m., Raspotnik, A., The future of Arctic shipping##Main shipping trade routes across the world - Cargofive##UNCTAD REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2022##Choke point - Wikipedia##Rodrigue, J.P., 2004. Straits, passages and chokepoints: a maritime geostrategy of petroleum distribution. Cahiers de g'eographie du Qu'ebec 48 (135), 357-374.##World Oil Transit Chokepoints (2017), US Energy information administration##Bab al-Mandab strait (globalsecurity.org)##Bab el-Mandeb Strait | strait, Red Sea | Britannica##2021 Suez Canal obstruction - Wikipedia##Huaxia., (2022), Egypt's Suez Canal earns record revenue of 7.9 bln USD in 2022; Available from: https://english.news.cn/20221220/53f1c28190964f69b231a456cb7d61ed/c.html##Fowkes., A. S., et al (2004). How highly does the freight transport industry value journey time reliability-and for what reasons?, International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications##Nordquist, M. H., Heidar, T. H., & Moore, J. N. (2010). In Changes in the Arctic environment and the law of the sea. Brill.##Schøyen, H., & Bråthen, S. (2011). The northern sea route versus the Suez Canal: Cases from bulk shipping. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 977-983.##The Construction of Singaporean National Identity in the Rhetoric of Lee Kuan Yew from 1965 - 1970 by Bao En Toh Reclaiming Agency##Singapore - Wikipedia##Zaman, M.B., Kobayashi, E., Wakabayashi, N., Maimun, A., (2014) Risk of Navigation for Marine Traffic in the Malacca Strait using AIS, 2nd International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environment and Natural Disaster Management, ISOCEEN 2014##A. Giri.(2022)., How much does Panama earn from the Panama Canal? Available from: https://themaritimepost.com/2022/09/how-much-does-panama-earn-from-the-panama-canal/##Strait of Gibraltar - Wikipedia##Bosporus - Wikipedia##Cap de Bonne-Espérance - Wikipédia (wikipedia.org)##Estrecho de Magallanes - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre##"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population as of 1 January (thousands) column" United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2022.##WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 wmr_2020.pdf (iom.int)##ITF (2020), Future Maritime Trade Flows: Summary and Conclusions, ITF Roundtable Reports, No. 178, OECD Publishing, Paris.##CIA (2012). The World Factbook country comparisons exports. Retrieved (05.8.12) from, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/ 2078rank.html##Moving Manufacturing from China to Other Southeast Asian Countries (billerud.com)##Where did manufacturing jobs in the US go? - CGTN##Long-termMacroeconomicForecasts_KeyTrends.pdf (europa.eu)## ##

Investigating Piracy from the Perspective of International Regulations and its Impact on Trade and Transportation 2 2 More than 90% of the world’s trade is done by merchant ship lines and their security is very important. Piracy is term used to describe violent acts carried out by terrorists and pirates at sea. Intelligence analysts, law enforcement officials, and policymakers have become increasingly concerned about the possibility of future maritime pirate's attacks. This study uses an analytical–descriptive approach to analyze the Study of Piracy from the Perspective of International Regulations and Their Impact on Trade and Transport. The findings of this study show that Piracy is one of the most important threats to international trade and maritime transport security. The maritime environment possesses some unique characteristics, including the extraterritoriality of the high seas and poor or inconsistent security measures that apply in ships and coastal areas and facilities could make them attractive to pirate operations in many parts of the world. Therefore, to have an efficient and effective fight against piracy based on the rule of law, the most important international sources to study the challenges against piracy are the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Security Council Approvals, and IMO regulations. Although the approval of national laws of countries can bring transparency and efficiency in the fight against the phenomenon of piracy. Finally, Regional cooperation among States has an important role to play in solving the problem of piracy against ships. 14 21 2023/08/112023/03/14 1401/12/23 2023/12/182023/12/13 1402/9/22 Amir Nezam Barti Amir Nezam Barti Assistant Professor of Law, Law of the Sea and Maritime Policy Research Center, Imam Khomeini Maritime Science University, Mazandaran, Iran ایران nezambarti@gmail.com Arya Shafaghat Rodsari Arya Shafaghat Rodsari Assistant Professor, Faculty of Navigation, Imam Khomeini Maritime Science University, Mazandaran, Iran ایران aryaroodsar48@gmail.com Abutaleb Motalebi Abutaleb Motalebi Associate Professor of Maritime Educational Administrative, Faculty of Navigation, Imam Khomeini Maritime Science University ایران abu.m56@yahoo.com Piracy Security International Regulations Trade and Transport 1.Vincent Stamer, Shuyao Yang, Alexander Sandkamp . (2022, Jan 24). The rum is gone! The impact of maritime piracy on trade and transport. Retrieved from cepr.org:https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/rum-gone-impact-maritime-piracy-trade-and-transport##The United Nations Security Council (2008) enacted Resolution 1851.##The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), available at http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf##Eric Shea Nelson, Maritime Terrorism and Piracy: Existing and Potential Threats, Global Security Studies, winter 2012 Volume 3, Issue, Diplomacy Department, Norwich University.##Chalk, P. (2009). Maritime piracy: reasons, dangers, and solutions. Rand Corp: Santa Monica CA.##Chan, K.S., & Laffargue, J. P. (2020). Is piracy sustainable? Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 53(1), 321-340.##"Radicalization of Piracy", Journal of Energy Security, December 14, 2010, (accessed June 12, 2019). (n.d.).##Abhijit Singh. (2019). Maritime terrorism in Asia: An assessment. ORF Online Paper. Retrieved 2023, from https://www.orfonline.org/research/maritime-terrorism-in-asia-an-assessment-56581/##Amir Nezam Barati. (2018 ). Maritime Terrorism and Piracy. The 20th Marine Industry Conference. Kish: Iranian Association of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.##Amir Nezam Barati. (2022). The study of Iran's accession to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea based on the SWOT framework. . International Journal of Maritime Policy, 2(5), 129-144. doi: 10.22034/irlsmp.2022.140706, 129-144.##donya-e-eqtesad. (2012, April 8 , Sunday). Rescue of the Chinese ship by the Iranian Navy. donya-e-eqtesad, pp. https://donya-e-eqtesad.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-##IMO. (n.d.). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Retrieved November 25, 2022, from International Maritime Organization: https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/legal/pages/unitednationsconventiononthelawofthesea.aspx##Irani, Shahram. (2022, November 22). Navy Commander: We escort all Iranian ships in the world. Retrieved from Didbaniran.ir:https://www.didbaniran.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-3/143834-##Irani, Shahram. (2023). The first national conference of maritime civilization on the path of progress. The first national conference of maritime civilization on the path of progress. Chabahar: The first national conference of maritime civilization on the path of progress.##Khanzadi, Hossain. (2021, July 11). Comdr: Regional maritime security center to be launched in Chabahar. Retrieved from IrnaEnglish: https://en.irna.ir/news/84399784/Comdr-Regional-maritime-security-center-to-be-launched-in-Chabahar##Khanzadi, Hossein . (2021, June 29). The coordination center for international maritime security cooperation was opened in Chabahar. Retrieved from Irna.ir: https://www.irna.ir/news/84387352/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-##Nusret SOĞANCILAR. (2021). Maritime piracy and its impacts on international trade. Journal of Politics Economy and Management, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 38 - 48, 28.06.2021.##Peter Chalk. (2008). , "The Maritime Dimension of International Security: Terrorism, Piracy, and Challenges for the United States", RAND Monograph. Retrieved‌ from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/ mg697af.1##Peter Roell. (2013). Combating Piracy and Maritime Terrorism -A Common Challenge for Europe and Asia April 2013. Public university in Zürich, Switzerland, avaiable at:https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/ 163375/223_Roell.pdf, 1-13.##REUTERS. (2012, April 7). Iranian navy frees Chinese ship hijacked by pirates. Retrieved from REUTERS: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-hijack-idUSBRE8350H120120406##Sayyari, Habibollah . (2016, October 17). Iran Navy foils pirate attacks on vessels in Gulf of Aden. Retrieved from Presstv:https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2016/10/17/489482/Iran-Navy-Gulf-of-Aden-Alvand-Bushehr-pirates##Statista. (2022, January ). Number of pirate attacks against ships worldwide from 2010 to 2021 . Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista.com/statistics/266292/number-of-pirate-attacks-worldwide-since-2006/##Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2656f(d). (2023).##UN Closdebate. (2022). Iran has been an active participant in the entire sessions of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. Retrieved from unclosdebate:https://www.unclosdebate.org/keywords/iran##United Nations Security Council. (2008). Paragraph 5 of Resolution 1851 approved in 2008. United Nations Security Council.##Bryan A. Garner. (2019). Piracy,Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed.).##Evan K. Gruetter. (2019). Piracy, a Crime of Universal Jurisdiction: A Perspective into the History of United States Piracy Jurisprudence, its English Common Law Roots, and Relationship with the Law of Nations. 1-37. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3818633##Pirates, Who are pirates? What is piracy? (2023). Retrieved from thewayofthepirates: http://www.thewayofthepirates.com/types-of-pirates/pirates/##Stephen Michael Sheppard. (2012). The Wolters Kluwer Bouvie Law Dictionary Desk Edition.## ##

An overview of the sources, impacts, and management techniques of microplastics in the marine environment 2 2 The presence of microplastics in the sea is a significant environmental concern due to their abundance, persistence, and portability. They have the potential for widespread distribution and can cause geophysical and biological impacts. They are persistent pollutants and are widely distributed in all ecosystems, from the atmosphere to the soil, and from groundwater to oceans. Examples of these compounds have been identified in sediments and even in the deep sea. So far, studies on the effects of microplastics on the marine ecosystem have primarily focused on various plankton samples, sand and mud sediments, the ingestion of vertebrates and invertebrates, and the interactions with chemical pollutants. According to studies conducted so far, all groups of marine organisms are at serious risk of interacting with microplastics. Considering this scientific fact, a thorough evaluation of these emerging pollutants is strongly needed. The purpose of this study is to provide valuable information on microplastics, including their sources, distribution, and the effects of pollution on marine organisms. Additionally, this study aims to address the lack of advanced sustainable solutions to effectively manage this hazardous environmental pollutant. 22 31 2023/08/112023/03/142023/11/26 1402/9/5 2023/12/182023/12/132024/01/12 1402/10/22 Tahere Taghizade Firozjaee Tahere Taghizade Firozjaee Assistant professor, Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran ایران t.taghizade@shahroodut.ac.ir Farshad Golbabaei Kootenaei Farshad Golbabaei Kootenaei Assistant professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran ایران f.golbabaei@scu.ac.ir Yadollah Aghdoud Chaboki Yadollah Aghdoud Chaboki Assistant professor, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, university of marine science Imam khomeini, Nowshahr, Iran ایران Yad_chabook@yahoo.com Microplastics Pollution Environment Marine organisms Distribution processes 1. Banu, J.R., et al., (2020), Impervious and influence in the liquid fuel production from municipal plastic waste through thermo-chemical biomass conversion technologies-A review, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 718, p. 137287.##Gong, J. and P. Xie, (2020), Research progress in sources, analytical methods, eco-environmental effects, and control measures of microplastics, Chemosphere, Vol. p. 126790.##Shen, M., et al., (2020), (Micro) plastic crisis: Un-ignorable contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. p. 120138.##Shen, M., et al., (2020), Removal of microplastics via drinking water treatment: Current knowledge and future directions, Chemosphere, Vol. p. 126612.##Shen, M., et al., (2020), Are biodegradable plastics a promising solution to solve the global plastic pollution?, Environmental Pollution, Vol. p. 114469.##Guo, J.-J., et al., (2020), Source, migration and toxicology of microplastics in soil, Environment International, Vol. 137, p. 105263.##Wong, K.H.J., et al., (2020), Microplastics in the freshwater and terrestrial environments: Prevalence, fates, impacts and sustainable solutions, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. p. 137512.##Morgana, S., et al., (2018), Microplastics in the Arctic: A case study with sub-surface water and fish samples off Northeast Greenland, Environmental pollution, Vol. 242, p. 1078-1086.##Wright, S., et al., (2020), Atmospheric microplastic deposition in an urban environment and an evaluation of transport, Environment international, Vol. 136, p. 105411.##Mintenig, S., et al., (2019), Low numbers of microplastics detected in drinking water from ground water sources, Science of the total environment, Vol. 648, p. 631-635.##Wong, G., L. Löwemark, and A. Kunz, (2020), Microplastic pollution of the Tamsui River and its tributaries in northern Taiwan: Spatial heterogeneity and correlation with precipitation, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 260, p. 113935.##Kazour, M., et al., (2019), Microplastics pollution along the Lebanese coast (Eastern Mediterranean Basin): Occurrence in surface water, sediments and biota samples, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 696, p. 133933.##La Daana, K.K., et al., (2017), Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition along a latitudinal gradient in the Atlantic Ocean, Marine pollution bulletin, Vol. 115(1-2), p. 307-314.##Panno, S.V., et al., (2019), Microplastic contamination in karst groundwater systems, Groundwater, Vol. 57(2), p. 189-196.##Bergmann, M., et al., (2019), White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic, Science advances, Vol. 5(8), p. eaax1157.##Lusher, A.L., et al., (2015), Microplastics in Arctic polar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples, Scientific reports, Vol. 5, p. 14947.##Scheurer, M. and M. Bigalke, (2018), Microplastics in Swiss floodplain soils, Environmental science & technology, Vol. 52(6), p. 3591-3598.##ZHOU, Q., C. TIAN, and Y. LUO, (2017), Various forms and deposition fluxes of microplastics identified in the coastal urban atmosphere, Chinese Science Bulletin, Vol. 62(33), p. 3902-3909.##Liu, K., et al., (2019), Consistent transport of terrestrial microplastics to the ocean through atmosphere, Environmental science & technology, Vol. 53(18), p. 10612-10619.##Van Cauwenberghe, L., et al., (2013), Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments, Environmental pollution, Vol. 182, p. 495-499.##Tong, H., et al., (2020), Occurrence and identification of microplastics in tap water from China, Chemosphere, Vol. p. 126493.##Kwon, O.Y., et al., (2020), Spatial distribution of microplastic in the surface waters along the coast of Korea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. p. 110729.##Dowarah, K., et al., (2020), Quantification of microplastics using Nile Red in two bivalve species Perna viridis and Meretrix meretrix from three estuaries in Pondicherry, India and microplastic uptake by local communities through bivalve diet, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 153, p. 110982.##Stanton, T., et al., (2020), Freshwater microplastic concentrations vary through both space and time, Environmental Pollution, Vol. p. 114481.##Wang, J., et al., (2020), LDPE microplastics significantly alter the temporal turnover of soil microbial communities, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. p. 138682.##Sobhani, Z., et al., (2020), Identification and visualisation of microplastics/nanoplastics by Raman imaging (i): down to 100 nm, Water Research, Vol. p. 115658.##Shen, M., et al., (2019), Recent advances in toxicological research of nanoplastics in the environment: A review, Environmental pollution, Vol.##Enfrin, M., L.F. Dumée, and J. Lee, (2019), Nano/microplastics in water and wastewater treatment processes-Origin, impact and potential solutions, Water research, Vol.##Wang, Z., T. Lin, and W. Chen, (2020), Occurrence and removal of microplastics in an advanced drinking water treatment plant (ADWTP), Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 700, p. 134520.##Lv, L., et al., (2020), In situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for detecting microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. p. 138449.##Crawford, C. and B. Quinn, (2017), Plastic production, waste and legislation, Microplast. Pollut, Vol. 30, p. 39-56.##Wu, W.-M., J. Yang, and C.S. Criddle, (2017), Microplastics pollution and reduction strategies, Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, Vol. 11(1), p. 6.##Rodrigues, J.P., et al., (2019), Significance of interactions between microplastics and POPs in the marine environment: a critical overview, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 111, p. 252-260.##Prata, J.C., et al., (2020), Environmental exposure to microplastics: An overview on possible human health effects, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 702p. 134455.##Xiong, W., et al., (2022), Current status and cause analysis of microplastic pollution in sea areas in China, China Geology, Vol. 5(1), p. 160-170.##do Sul, J.A.I. and M.F. Costa, (2014), The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment, Environmental pollution, Vol. 185, p. 352-364.##Setälä, O., et al., Microplastics in marine food webs, in Microplastic contamination in aquatic environments. 2018, Elsevier. p. 339-363.##Lehtiniemi, M., et al., (2018), Size matters more than shape: Ingestion of primary and secondary microplastics by small predators, Food webs, Vol. 17, p. e00097.##Waldschläger, K., et al., (2020), The way of microplastic through the environment-Application of the source-pathway-receptor model, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. p. 136584.##Rezania, S., et al., (2018), Microplastics pollution in different aquatic environments and biota: A review of recent studies, Marine pollution bulletin, Vol. 133p. 191-208.##Jaikumar, G., et al., (2019), Reproductive toxicity of primary and secondary microplastics to three cladocerans during chronic exposure, Environmental pollution, Vol. 249, p. 638-646.##Zhang, Y., et al., (2020), Atmospheric microplastics: A review on current status and perspectives, Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. p. 103118.##Wang, W., J. Ge, and X. Yu, (2020), Bioavailability and toxicity of microplastics to fish species: A review, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, Vol. 189, p. 109913.##Jahan, S., et al., (2019), Interrelationship of microplastic pollution in sediments and oysters in a seaport environment of the eastern coast of Australia, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 695, p. 133924.##Ngo, P.L., et al., (2019), Pathway, classification and removal efficiency efficienyof microplastics in wastewater treatment plants, Environmental Pollution, Vol. p. 113326.##Meng, Y., F.J. Kelly, and S.L. Wright, (2020), Advances and challenges of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: A UK perspective, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 256, p. 113445.##Siegfried, M., et al., (2017), Export of microplastics from land to sea. A modelling approach, Water research, Vol. 127, p. 249-257.##Cotto-Ramos, A., et al., (2020), Experimental design of concrete mixtures using recycled plastic, fly ash, and silica nanoparticles, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 254, p. 119207.##Almeshal, I., et al., (2020), Eco-friendly concrete containing recycled plastic as partial replacement for sand, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol.##Awoyera, P. and A. Adesina, (2020), Plastic wastes to construction products: status, limitations and future perspective, Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. p. e00330.##Battulga, B., M. Kawahigashi, and B. Oyuntsetseg, (2019), Distribution and composition of plastic debris along the river shore in the Selenga River basin in Mongolia, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 26(14), p. 14059-14072.##Yuanqiao, L., et al., (2020), Effects of agricultural plastic film residues on transportation and distribution of water and nitrate in soil, Chemosphere, Vol. 242, p. 125131.##Huang, Y., et al., (2020), Agricultural plastic mulching as a source of microplastics in the terrestrial environment, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 260, p. 114096.##Su, Y., et al., (2019), Occurrence of microplastics in landfill systems and their fate with landfill age, Water research, Vol. 164, p. 114968.##Rillig, M.C.,(2012), Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems and the soil?, ACS Publications.##Tahmoorian, F. and H. Khabbaz, (2020), Performance comparison of a MSW settlement prediction model in Tehran landfill, Journal of environmental management, Vol. 254, p. 109809.##Schwarz, A., et al., (2019), Sources, transport, and accumulation of different types of plastic litter in aquatic environments: a review study, Marine pollution bulletin, Vol. 143, p. 92-100.##Esquinas, G.G.M.S., et al., (2020), Physical characterization of litter and microplastic along the urban coast of Cagayan de Oro in Macajalar Bay, Philippines, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 154, p. 111083.##Forsberg, P.L., et al., (2020), Behaviour of plastic litter in nearshore waters: first insights from wind and wave laboratory experiments, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 153, p. 111023.##Halle, L.L., et al., (2020), Ecotoxicology of micronized tire rubber: Past, present and future considerations, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 706, p. 135694.##Bänsch-Baltruschat, B., et al., (2020), Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP)-A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. p. 137823.##Hüffer, T., et al., (2019), Sorption of organic substances to tire wear materials: similarities and differences with other types of microplastic, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 113, p. 392-401.##Ziajahromi, S., et al., (2020), Microplastic pollution in a stormwater floating treatment wetland: Detection of tyre particles in sediment, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 713, p. 136356.##Coyle, R., G. Hardiman, and K. O'Driscoll, (2020), Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of their sources, distribution processes and uptake into ecosystems, Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Vol. p. 100010.##Zheng, Y., et al., (2020), Vertical distribution of microplastics in bay sediment reflecting effects of sedimentation dynamics and anthropogenic activities, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 152, p. 110885.##Yu, Q., et al., (2020), Distribution, abundance and risks of microplastics in the environment, Chemosphere, Vol. 249, p. 126059.##Crawford, C. and B. Quinn, (2017), 5-Microplastics, standardisation and spatial distribution, Microplastic Pollutants; Elsevier: Kidlington, UK, Vol. p. 101-130.##Dai, Z., et al., (2018), Occurrence of microplastics in the water column and sediment in an inland sea affected by intensive anthropogenic activities, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 242, p. 1557-1565.##Zobkov, M., et al., (2019), Microplastic content variation in water column: The observations employing a novel sampling tool in stratified Baltic Sea, Marine pollution bulletin, Vol. 138, p. 193-205.##Lefebvre, C., et al., (2019), Microplastics FTIR characterisation and distribution in the water column and digestive tracts of small pelagic fish in the Gulf of Lions, Marine pollution bulletin, Vol. 142, p. 510-519.##Enders, K., et al., (2015), Abundance, size and polymer composition of marine microplastics≥ 10 μm in the Atlantic Ocean and their modelled vertical distribution, Marine pollution bulletin, Vol. 100(1), p. 70-81.##Silva-Cavalcanti, J.S., et al., (2017), Microplastics ingestion by a common tropical freshwater fishing resource, Environmental pollution, Vol. 221, p. 218-226.##Mehra, S., et al., (2020), Sources, fate, and impact of microplastics in aquatic environment, Emerging Contaminants, Vol.##Lindeque, P.K., et al., (2020), Are we underestimating microplastic abundance in the marine environment? A comparison of microplastic capture with nets of different mesh-size, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 265, p. 114721.##Messinetti, S., et al., (2018), Effects of polystyrene microplastics on early stages of two marine invertebrates with different feeding strategies, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 237, p. 1080-1087.##Sussarellu, R., et al., (2016), Oyster reproduction is affected by exposure to polystyrene microplastics, Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, Vol. 113(9), p. 2430-2435.##Reichert, J., et al., (2019), Impacts of microplastics on growth and health of hermatypic corals are species-specific, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 254, p. 113074.## ##

Frequency Domain Optimization of Homogeneous Anechoic Multi-Layers ‎Using ‎Genetic Programming‎ 2 2 Sound-absorbing coatings are of great importance in noise control, thus to make them technically and economically effective, their design optimization is a necessity. Multi-layered homogeneous linings, intended to provide a certain level of absorption, have recently been of much interest among the anechoic coatings. In the present work, first, a mathematical model, called Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) is introduced and validated to properly predict the acoustic response of cavity-less multi-layers. Next, a two-loop optimization technique aimed at maximizing the mean value of echo reduction and minimizing the layers’ total thickness is developed. The outer loop (GP) focuses on the number and order of the layers, while the inner (ICA) is dedicated to the thickness modification of each layer. Finally, results are demonstrated for some specific cases, where promising solutions are found for different constraints and conditions. As an example, comparing a homogeneous coating invented by the GP-ICA (#Generation 50 of Section 5.3) with a typical cavity-included coating used for sound absorption shows that the thickness of this new coating is reduced by nearly two-thirds (from 50 mm to 18 mm), while the first hit of the 20 dB band of Echo Reduction (ER) has reduced by 65 % (from 20 kHz to 7 kHz), and almost did not fall from this level until the end of the frequency domain of interest (40 kHz). That’s while the conventional coating frequency response dropped soon after hitting the 20 dB threshold. 32 42 2023/08/112023/03/142023/11/262023/06/10 1402/3/20 2023/12/182023/12/132024/01/122024/02/7 1402/11/18 Sayed Hamid Sohrabi Sayed Hamid Sohrabi Department of Marine Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran ایران s.h.sohrabi@mut-es.ac.ir Saeed Parsamehr Saeed Parsamehr Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran ایران s.parsamehr@alumni.iut.ac.ir Amir Karimi Amir Karimi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran ایران a.karimi@me.iut.ac.ir Sound Absorption ‎ Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm (ICA) Genetic Programming (GP) Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) Frequency Domain Anechoic Multi-Layer H. Qiao, P. Huang, D. De Domenico, Automatic optimal design of passive vibration control devices for buildings using two-level evolutionary algorithm, Journal of Building Engineering, 72 (2023) 106684.##Z. Zhang, Y. Zhao, N. Gao, Recent study progress of underwater sound absorption coating, Engineering Reports, (2023) e12627.##M. Sharma, H. Agrawal, B. Choudhary, Multivariate regression and genetic programming for prediction of backbreak in open-pit blasting, Neural Computing and Applications, (2022) 1-12.##E. Atashpaz-Gargari, C. Lucas, Imperialist competitive algorithm: an algorithm for optimization inspired by imperialistic competition, 2007 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation, Ieee, 2007, pp. 4661-4667.##S.K. Tabatabaei, S. Behbahani, C.W. de Silva, Self-adjusting multidisciplinary design of hydraulic engine mount using bond graphs and inductive genetic programming, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 48 (2016) 32-39.##S. Silva, J. Almeida, Gplab-a genetic programming toolbox for matlab, Proceedings of the Nordic MATLAB conference, Citeseer, 2003, pp. 273-278.##S. Zhou, Z. Fang, Optimization design of acoustic performance of underwater anechoic coatings, Acoustics Australia, 50 (2022) 297-313.##S.H. Ko, H.H. Schloemer, Calculations of turbulent boundary layer pressure fluctuations transmitted into a viscoelastic layer, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 85 (1989) 1469-1477.##W.T. Thomson, Transmission of elastic waves through a stratified solid medium, Journal of applied Physics, 21 (1950) 89-93.##N.A. Haskell, The dispersion of surface waves on multilayered media, Vincit Veritas: A Portrait of the Life and Work of Norman Abraham Haskell, 1905-1970, 30 (1990) 86-103.##E.C. Pestel, F.A. Leckie, E. Kurtz, Matrix methods in elastomechanics, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 31 (1964) 574.##M. Munjal, Velocity ratio-cum-transfer matrix method for the evaluation of a muffler with mean flow, Journal of sound and Vibration, 39 (1975) 105-119.##D. Folds, C. Loggins, Transmission and reflection of ultrasonic waves in layered media, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 62 (1977) 1102-1109.##P.R. Stepanishen, B. Strozeski, Reflection and transmission of acoustic wideband plane waves by layered viscoelastic media, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 71 (1982) 9-21.##J. Sastry, M. Munjal, A transfer matrix approach for evaluation of the response of a multi-layer infinite plate to a two-dimensional pressure excitation, Journal of sound and vibration, 182 (1995) 109-128.##M. Munjal, Response of a multi-layered infinite plate to an oblique plane wave by means of transfer matrices, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 162 (1993) 333-343.##S. Panigrahi, C. Jog, M. Munjal, Multi-focus design of underwater noise control linings based on finite element analysis, Applied acoustics, 69 (2008) 1141-1153.##J. Li, S. Li, Topology optimization of anechoic coating for maximizing sound absorption, Journal of Vibration and Control, 24 (2018) 2369-2385.##S.H. Sohrabi, M.J. Ketabdari, Numerical simulation of a viscoelastic sound absorbent coating with a doubly periodic array of cavities, Cogent Engineering, 5 (2018) 1529721.##S.H. Sohrabi, M.J. Ketabdari, Stochastic modeling and sensitivity analysis of underwater sound absorber rubber coating, Applied Acoustics, 164 (2020) 107282.## ##

A Process-based calibration Procedure for Non-Cohesive Silt Transport Models at Shahid Rajaee Port Access Channel 2 2 Numerical modeling is the most common approach for predicting harbor channel siltation. It requires a comprehensive calibration process because there are several calibration parameters. The most crucial criterion for model calibration is suspended sediment concentration (SSC). The agreement between the measured and simulated SSC time series is usually verified based on generic statistical parameters such as RMSE and R2. This method does not address the important phenomena related to channel siltation; for instance, the siltation rate during neap and spring tidal cycles cannot be distinguished in such manner. A process-based calibration procedure has been proposed in this paper which considers some criteria facilitating the calibration processes. Based on analyzing the measured turbidity and current speed data, some criteria were established which convey underlying phenomena affecting sediment transport. They are: (1) the difference between maximum SSC (or turbidity) at neap and spring and (2) at ebb and flood tide, (3) the minimum turbidity at slack water during spring tide, and (4) the current speed-SSC (or turbidity) regression curve. The proposed procedure has been used to calibrate channel siltation in a real case study: Shahid Rajaee port access channel located in the Khoran strait, Iran. As the underlying phenomena affecting sediment transport was considered, the number of simulation runs for calibration processes were considerably decreased. 43 56 2023/08/112023/03/142023/11/262023/06/102023/08/17 1402/5/26 2023/12/182023/12/132024/01/122024/02/72024/02/28 1402/12/9 Seyed Mojtaba Hoseini Chavooshi Seyed Mojtaba Hoseini Chavooshi University of Qom ایران sm.hoseini@stu.qom.ac.ir Reza Kamalian Reza Kamalian University of qom ایران ur.kamalian@qom.ac.ir Mud Transport Model calibration Shahid Rajaee Port Suspended sediment transport Channel siltation L. C. van Rijn, B. Grasmeijer and L. Perk, "Effect of Channel Deepening on Tidal Flow and Sediment Transport; Part I: Sandy Channels," Ocean Dynamics, vol. 68, pp. 1457-1479, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s10236-018-1204-2##L. C. van Rijn and B. Grasmeijer, "Effect of Channel Deepening on Tidal Flow and Sediment Transport; Part II: Muddy Channels," Ocean Dynamics, vol. 68, pp. 1481-1501, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s10236-018-1205-1##L. C. van Rijn, "Harbour Siltation and Control Measures," https://www.leovanrijn-sediment.com/papers/Harboursiltation2012.pdf, (2012, accessed 15 February 2021).##DHI, "MIKE 21 & MIKE 3 FLOW MODEL FM Mud Transport Module: Scientific Documentation," DHI, 2012.##Delft Hydraulics, "Delft3D-FLOW: Simulation of Multi-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Flows and Transport Phenomena, Including Sediments, User Manual," Deltares, Delft, Netherlands, 2014.##C. Chen, R. C. Beardsley, G. Cowles, J. Qi, Z. Lai, G. Gao, D. Stuebe, Q. Xu, P. Xue, J. Ge, S. Hu, R. Ji, R. Tian, H. Huang, L. Wu, H. Lin, Y. Sun and L. Zhao, "An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model FVCOM," Marine Ecosystem Dynamic Modeling Laboratory, 2013.##P. Tassi, T. Benson, D. Matthieu, J. Fontaine, N. Huybrechts, K. Rebekka, S. Pavan, C.-T. Pham, F. Taccone and W. Régis, "GAIA - a unified framework for sediment transport and bed evolution in rivers, coastal seas and transitional waters in the TELEMAC-MASCARET modelling system," Journal of Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 159, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2022.105544##J. A. Roelvink and A. Reniers, A Guide to Modeling Coastal Morphology, World Scientific, Advances in Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 2011. doi: 10.1142/7712##S. A. Rahman and D. Chakrabarty, "Sediment Transport Modelling in an Alluvial River with Artificial Neural Network," Journal of Hydrology, vol. 588, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125056##A. Yadav and P. Satyannarayana, "Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Artificial Neural Network for Estimating Suspended Sediment Yield in Mahanadi River Basin, India," International Journal of River Basin Management, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 207-215, 2020. doi: 10.1080/15715124.2019.1705317##H. A. Arı Güner, I. Yüksel and E. Özkan Çevik, "Longshore Sediment Transport-Field Data and Estimations using Neural Networks, Numerical Model, and Empirical Models," Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 311-324, 2013.##B. van Maanen, G. Coco, K. Bryan and B. Ruessink, "The Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Analyze and Predict Alongshore Sediment Transport," Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 395-404, 2010. doi: 10.5194/npg-17-395-2010##M. A. A. Almubaidin, S. Dashti Latif, K. Balan, A. N. Ahmed and A. El-Shafie, "Enhancing sediment transport predictions through machine learning-based multi-scenario regression models," Results in Engineering, vol. 20, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101585##M. S. Hanoon, A. A. Abdullatif B, A. N. Ahmed, A. Razzaq, A. H. Birima and A. El-Shafie, "A comparison of various machine learning approaches performance for prediction suspended sediment load of river systems: a case study in Malaysia," Journal of Earth Science Information, vol. 15, pp. 91-104, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12145-021-00689-0##H. Darabi, S. Mohamadi, Z. Karimidastenaei, O. Kisi, M. Ehteram, A. EL-Shafie and A. Torabi Haghighi , "Prediction of daily suspended sediment load (SSL) using new optimization algorithms and soft computing models," Journal of Soft Computing: Methodologies and Application, vol. 25, pp. 7609-7626, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s00500-021-05721-5##S. O. Sulaiman, M. F. Allawi, K. N. Sayl, M. Sherif and A. El-Shafie, "Suspended sediment load prediction modelling based on artificial intelligence methods: The tropical region as a case study," Journal of Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 8, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18506##F. Barzegari Banadkooki, M. Ehteram, A. N. Ahmed, F. Y. Teo, M. Ebrahimi, C. M. Fai, Y. F. Huang and A. El-Shafie, "Suspended sediment load prediction using artificial neural network and ant lion optimization algorithm," Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 27, p. 38094-38116, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09876-w##B. Lin and M. Montazeri Namin, "Modelling Suspended Sediment Transport using an Integrated Numerical and ANNs Model," Journal of Hydraulic Research, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 302-310, 2005. doi: 10.1080/00221680509500124##K. Kaveh, M. D. Bui and P. Rutschmann, "Integration of Artificial Neural Networks into TELEMAC-MASCARET System, New Concepts for Hydromorphodynamic Modeling," Advances in Engineering Software, vol. 132, pp. 18-28, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2019.03.011##S. Bakshi and K. K. Bhar, "Simulation of Tidal Morpho-dynamics in the Hooghly Estuary using CMS Flow and Artificial Neural Network Models," in Procedia Computer Science, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.255##U. Lumborg and A. Windelin, "Hydrography and Cohesive Sediment Modelling: Application to the Rømø Dyb Tidal Area," Journal of Marine Systems, vol. 38, no. 3-4, pp. 287-303, 2003. doi: 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00247-6##U. Lumborg and M. Pejrup, "Modelling of Cohesive Sediment Transport in a Tidal Lagoon-an Annual Budget," Marine Geology, vol. 218, no. 1-4, pp. 1-16, 2005. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2005.03.015##J. F. Lopes, J. M. Dias and I. Dekeyser, "Numerical Modelling of Cohesive Sediments Transport in the Ria de Aveiro Lagoon, Portugal," Journal of Hydrology, vol. 319, no. 1-4, pp. 176-198, 2006. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.019##N. Margvelashvili, F. Saint-Cast and S. Condie, "Numerical Modelling of the Suspended Sediment Transport in Torres Strait," Continental Shelf Research, vol. 28, no. 16, pp. 2241-2256, 2008. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2008.03.037##N. K. Ganju and D. H. Schoellhamer, "Calibration of an Estuarine Sediment Transport Model to Sediment Fluxes as an Intermediate Step for Simulation of Geomorphic Evolution," Continental Shelf Research, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 148-158, 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2007.09.005##M. Xie, W. Zhang and W. Guo, "A Validation Concept for Cohesive Sediment Transport Model and Application on Lianyungang Harbor, China," Coastal Engineering, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 585-596, 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2010.01.003##L. H. Erikson, S. A. Wright, E. Elias , D. M. Hanes, D. H. Schoellhamer and J. Largier, "The Use of Modeling and Suspended Sediment Concentration Measurements for Quantifying Net Suspended Sediment Transport through a Large Tidally Dominated Inlet," Marine Geology, vol. 345, pp. 96-112, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2013.06.001##L. X. Tu, V. Q. Thanh, J. Reyns, S. P. Van, D. T. Anh, T. D. Dang and J. A. Roelvink, "Sediment Transport and Morphodynamical Modeling on the Estuaries and Coastal Zone of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta," Continental Shelf Research, vol. 186, pp. 64-76, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2019.07.015##J. Chang, G.-h. Lee , C. K. Harris, Y. Song, S. M. Figueroa, N. W. Schieder and K. D. Lagamayo, "Sediment Transport Mechanisms in Altered Depositional Environments of the Anthropocene Nakdong Estuary: A Numerical Modeling Study," Marine Geology, vol. 430, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106364##Z. Y. Xiao, X. H. Wang, D. Song, I. Jalon-Rojas and D. Harrison, "Numerical Modelling of Suspended Sediment Transport in a Geographically Complex Microtidal Estuary: Sydney Harbour Estuary, NSW," Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 236, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106605##L. Zhua, W. Gonga, H. Zhang, W. Huang and R. Zhang, "Numerical Study of Sediment Transport Time Scales in an Ebb-dominated Waterway," Journal of Hydrology, vol. 591, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125299##J. Allen, P. Somerfield and F. Gilbert, "Quantifying Uncertainty in High-resolution Coupled Hydrodynamic-ecosystem Models," Journal of Marine Systems, vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 3-14, 2006. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.02.010##S. Orseau, N. Huybrechts, P. Tassi, D. P. Van Bang and F. Klein, "Two-dimensional modeling of fine sediment transport with mixed sediment and consolidation: Application to the Gironde Estuary, France," International Journal of Sediment Research, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 736-746, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.12.005##L. P. Bitencourt, E. H. Fernan, P. D. da Silva and O. Moller Jr, "Spatio-temporal variability of suspended sediment concentrations in a shallow and turbid lagoon," Journal of Marine Systems, vol. 212, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103454##H. d. O. Fagundes, F. M. Fan and R. C. D. de Paiva, "Automatic Calibration of a Large-scale Sediment Model using Suspended Sediment Concentration, Water Quality, and Remote Sensing Data," Journal of Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hidricos (RBHR), vol. 24, no. 10, 2019.##A. Shanehsazzadeh and H. Ardalan, "Regional-Scale Study on Sediment Processes of Khuran Strait at Persian Gulf with Implications for Engineering Design," China Ocean Engineering, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 356-364, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s13344-019-0034-4##E. Jafarzadeh Dehkordi and C. Ershadi, "Numerical Modeling of Current Pattern and Sediment Transport in Access Channel of Shahid Rajaei Port," Journa of Maritime Transport Industry, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 34-40, 2020. doi: 10.30474/jmti.2020.104359##P. V. Lisboa, E. H. Fernandes, A. Sottolichio, N. Huybrecht, A. R. Rodrigues Bendô and J. Costi, "Bottom Evolution Patterns driven by hydrodynamic forcing in the Southwest Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf, off Río de la Plata and Patos Lagoon," Jornal of Continental Shelf Research, vol. 225, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2023.104934##UK Hydrographic Office, "Admiralty Tide Tables Vol3," UK Hydrographic Office, 2016.##Fara Darya Arsheh Consultants and Sogreah Consultants, "Monitoring and Modelling Study of Iranian Coasts Project; Phase 4; Hormozgan; Yearly Report of Field Measurement," Port & Maritime Organization, 2012.##Tehran Berkeley Group of Companies, "Shahid Rajaee Port Complex Development Plan Project; Phase 3; Sedimentation Inside the Access Channel Final Report," Port & Maritime Organization, 2018.##M. E. W. E. Consultants, "Investigation of Sedimentation in the Harbour Basins and Access Channels- Shahid Rajaee Port," Port & Maritime Organization, 2012.##Water Research Institute, "Bandar Abbas Gas Refinery Project; Cooling Water Intake Studies; Field Measurement Final Report," Persian Gulf Star Oil Company, 2007.##Y. Wang, Y. Peng, Z. Du, H. Lin and Q. Yu, "Calibrations of Suspended Sediment Concentrations in High-Turbidity Waters Using Different In Situ Optical Instruments," Jornal of Water, vol. 12, no. 11, 2020. doi:10.3390/w12113296##U.S. Geological Survey, "Relations Between Continuous Real-Time Turbidity Data and Discrete Suspended Sediment Concentration Samples in the Neosho and Cottonwood Rivers,East-Central Kansas, 2009-2012," USGS Science for a changing world, 2014.##H. Marttila and B. Kløve, "Use of Turbidity Measurements to Estimate Suspended Solids and Nutrient Loads from Peatland Forestry Drainage," Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, vol. 138, no. 12, pp. 1088-1096, 2012.##C. A. Ellison, R. L. Kiesling and J. D. Fallon, "Correlating Streamflow, Turbidity, and Suspended-Sediment Concentration in Minnesota's Wild Rice River," in 2nd Joint Federal Interagency Conference, Las Vegas, 2010.##E. Patault, C. Alary, C. Franke, A. Gauthier and N. Abriak, "Assessing Temporal Variability and Controlling Factors of the Sediment Budget of a Small Agricultural Catchment in Northern France (the Pommeroye)," Journal of Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 3, 2019.##J. Downing, "Twenty-five Years with OBS Sensors: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly," Journal of Continental Shelf Research, vol. 26, no. 17-18, pp. 2299-2318, 2006.##E. Skarbøvik, S. Gyritia, M. vant Veen, E. E. Lannergård, H. Wenng, M. Stutter, M. Bieroza, K. Atcheson, P. Jordan, J. Fölster, P.-E. Mellander, B. Kronvang, H. Marttila, Ø. Kaste, A. Lepistö and M. Kämäri, "Comparing in situ Turbidity Sensor Measurements as a Proxy for Suspended Sediments in North-Western European Streams," Journal of CATENA, vol. 225, 2023.##L. F. Murillo-Bermúdez, A. L. S. Salustiano-Martim, C. Poleto and J. G. Dalfré Filho , "Correlation of Turbidity and Suspended Sediment Concentration in Natural Water Flow using Alternative Data of Water Treatment Plant, Case of Study in the Upper Jundiaí River, Brazil," International Journal of River Basin Management, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 233-241, 2023.##L. Dalbianco, R. Ramon, C. A. P. de Barros, J. P. G. Minella, G. H. Merten and E. J. Didoné, "Sampling Strategies to Estimate Suspended Sediment Concentration for Turbidimeter Calibration," Jornal of Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hidricos (RBHR), vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 884-889, 2017.##DHI, "Auto Calibration Tool: User Guide," DHI, 2012.## ##

Numerical simulation of resistance test for a naval vessel in shallow water 2 2 In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) computations are employed to predict the resistance, trim, sinkage, wave pattern, and bulbous bow performance of the naval model DTMB 5415 in shallow water. The simulations encompass resistance tests at various depths and velocities within the CFD environment. The impact of water depth reduction on frictional and pressure resistance components, as well as ship trimming and sinking, is assessed. A comprehensive analysis of changes in the wave pattern around the ship is conducted. Numerical results exhibit a substantial increase in resistance, trim, and sinkage with decreasing depth, highlighting the profound influence of shallow water conditions on the hydrodynamic behavior of the ship. 57 64 2023/08/112023/03/142023/11/262023/06/102023/08/172023/06/25 1402/4/4 2023/12/182023/12/132024/01/122024/02/72024/02/282024/03/5 1402/12/15 Hamidreza Mahmoodi Hamidreza Mahmoodi Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology ایران h947012046@gmail.com Ahmad Hajivand Ahmad Hajivand Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology ایران hajivand@kmsu.ac.ir Shallow water CFD Wave pattern Resistance test Hofman, Milan & Kozarski, V. (2000). Shallow water resistance charts for preliminary vessel design. International Shipbuilding Progress. 47. 61-76.##Liu, Jialun & Hekkenberg, Robert & Rotteveel, Erik & Hopman, Hans. (2015). Literature review on evaluation and prediction methods of inland vessel manoeuvrability. Ocean Engineering. 106. 458-471. 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.07.021.##Jachowski, J. Assessment of ship squat in shallow water using CFD. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 2008, 8, 27-36.##Hooft, J.P. The Inﬂuence of Nautical Requirements on the Dimensions and Layout of Entrance Channels and Harbours; Proc. International Course Modern Dredging: The Hague, The Netherlands, 1977.##Pacuraru, F.; Domnisoru, L. Numerical investigation of shallow water eﬀect on a barge ship resistance. IOP Conf. Series Mater. Sci. Eng. 2017, 227, 012088.##Ji, S.; Ouahsine, A.; Smaoui, H.; Sergent, P. 3D Numerical Modeling of Sediment Resuspension Induced by the Compounding Eﬀects of Ship-Generated Waves and the Ship Propeller. J. Eng. Mech. 2014, 140, 04014034.##Linde, F.; Ouahsine, A.; Huybrechts, N.; Sergent, P. Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Ship Resistance in Restricted Waterways: Eﬀect of Ship Sinkage and Channel Restriction. J. Waterw. Port. Coastal. Ocean. Eng. 2017, 143, 06016003.##Du, P.; Ouahsine, A.; Sergent, P.; Hu, H. Resistance and wave characterizations of inland vessels in the fully-conﬁned waterway. Ocean. Eng. 2020, 210, 107580.##Liu, Y.; Zou, Z.; Zou, L.; Fan, S. CFD-based numerical simulation of pure sway tests in shallow water towing tank. Ocean. Eng. 2019, 189, 106311.##Xu, H.; Hinostroza, M.; Wang, Z.; Soares, C.G. Experimental investigation of shallow water eﬀect on vessel steering model using system identiﬁcation method. Ocean. Eng. 2020, 199, 106940.##Tang, X.; Tong, S.; Huang, G.; Xu, G. Numerical investigation of the maneuverability of ships advancing in the non-uniform ﬂow and shallow water areas. Ocean. Eng. 2020, 195, 106679.##Tezdogan, T., Incecik, A., Turan, O., 2016. A numerical investigation of the squat and resistance of ships advancing through a canal using CFD. J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 21, 86-101.##Yao, J.-X., Zou, Z.-J., 2010. Calculation of ship squat in restricted waterways by using a 3D panel method. J. Hydrodynam. B 22, 489-494.##Schlichting, O. Schiﬀwiderstand auf beschränkter wassertiefe: Widerstand von seeschiﬀen auf ﬂachem wasser. Jahrbuch der Schiﬀbautechnischen Gesellschaft; Springer: Hanburg, Germany, 1934; Volume 35, p. 127.##ITTC. Speed and Power Trials, Part 2, Analysis of Speed/Power Trial Data. In Proceedings of the 25th ITTC, Copenhagen, Denmark; 2014. Available online: https://ittc.info/media/4210/75-04-01-012.pdf##Lackenby, H. The Eﬀect of Shallow Water on Ship Speed. Nav. Eng. J. 1964, 76, 21-26.##Bechthold, J., Kastens, M., 2020. Robustness And Quality of Squat Predictions in Extreme Shallow Water Conditions Based On RANS-Calculations. Ocean Eng. 197, 106780 Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Oceaneng.2019.106780.##Song, Soonseok & Terziev, Momchil & Tezdogan, Tahsin & Demirel, Yigit & De Marco Muscat-Fenech, Claire & Incecik, Atilla. (2023). Investigating Roughness Effects on Ship Resistance in Shallow Waters. Ocean Engineering. 270. 113643. 10.1016/J.Oceaneng.2023.113643.##Campbell, R., Terziev, M., Tezdogan, T., Incecik, A., 2022. Computational Fluid Dynamics Predictions of Draught and Trim Variations on Ship Resistance in Confined Waters. Appl. Ocean Res. 126, 103301 Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Apor.2022.103301.##Zeng, Q., Hekkenberg, R., Thill, C., 2019a. On The Viscous Resistance of Ships Sailing in Shallow Water. Ocean Eng. 190, 106434 Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J. Oceaneng.2019.106434.##Du, P., Ouahsine, A., Sergent, P., Hu, H., 2020. Resistance And Wave Characterizations of Inland Vessels in The Fully-Confined Waterway. Ocean Eng. 210 Https://Doi.Org/ 10.1016/J.Oceaneng.2020.107580.##Terziev, M., Tezdogan, T., Incecik, A., 2021b. A Numerical Assessment of The Scale Effects of a Ship Advancing Through Restricted Waters. Ocean Eng. 229, 108972 Https://Doi. Org/10.1016/J.Oceaneng.2021.108972.##CD-adapco (2016). STAR-CCM+ 11.0 User Guide.##https://simman2014.dk/##Barrass, B. & Derrett, D.R.. (2006). Ship Stability for Masters and Mates. 10.1016/C2010-0-68323-4.##Eryuzlu, N.E. and Hausser, R. (1978). Experimental investigation into some aspects of large vessel navigation in restricted waterways. Proceedings Symposium on Aspects of Navigability, Delft, Netherlands, vol. 2, pp. 1-15##ICORELS (International Commission for the Reception of Large Ships), Report of Working Group IV, PIANC Bulletin No. 35, Supplement, 1980.##Millward, A. (1996). A Review of the Prediction of Squat in Shallow Water. Journal of Navigation, 49(1), 77-88. doi:10.1017/S0373463300013126##Ferziger, Joel & Perić, Milovan & Street, Robert. (2020). Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics. 10.1007/978-3-319-99693-6.##Menter, Florian & Kuntz, M. & Langtry, RB. (2003). Ten years of industrial experience with the SST turbulence model. Heat and Mass Transfer. 4.##ITTC Recommended Procedures and Guidelines, 2014. Practical guidelines for ship CFD applications. 7.5-03 -02-03.##ITTC Recommended Procedures and Guidelines, 2017. Uncertainty analysis in CFD veriﬁcation and validation methodology and procedures. 7.5-03-01-01.##Hasanvand, Ali & Hajivand, Ahmad & ali, Nasim. (2019). Investigating the effect of rudder profile on 6DOF ship turning performance. Applied Ocean Research. 92. 101918. 10.1016/j.apor.2019.101918.##Yun, Kunhang & Park, Byoungjae & Yeo, Dong-Jin. (2014). Experimental Study of Ship Squat for KCS in Shallow Water. Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea. 51. 10.3744/SNAK.2014.51.1.34.##https://doi.org/10.3744/SNAK.2014.51.1.34## ##